Gene signatures for determining icos expression

ABSTRACT

Gene expression signatures correlating to ICOS expression levels are provided. Methods of treatment comprising determining ICOS expression levels using gene signatures in patients and administering anti-ICOS antibodies are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of priority of US ProvisionalApplication Nos. 62/245,180, filed Oct. 22, 2015; 62/311,486, filed Mar.22, 2016; 62/359,069, filed Jul. 6, 2016; and 62/395,970, filed Sep. 16,2016; each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for anypurpose.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

Gene expression signatures correlating to ICOS expression levels areprovided. Methods of treatment comprising determining ICOS expressionlevels using gene signatures in patients and administering anti-ICOSantibodies are also provided.

BACKGROUND

ICOS is a member of the B7/CD28/CTLA-4 immunoglobulin superfamily and isspecifically expressed on T cells. Unlike CD28, which is constitutivelyexpressed on T cells and provides co-stimulatory signals necessary forfull activation of resting T cells, ICOS is expressed only after initialT cell activation.

ICOS has been implicated in diverse aspects of T cell responses(reviewed in Simpson et al., 2010, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22: 326-332).It plays a role in the formation of germinal centers, TB cellcollaboration, and immunoglobulin class switching. ICOS-deficient miceshow impaired germinal center formation and have decreased production ofinterleukin IL-10. These defects have been specifically linked todeficiencies in T follicular helper cells.

ICOS also plays a role in the development and function of other T cellsubsets, including Th1, Th2, and Th17. Notably, ICOS co-stimulates Tcell proliferation and cytokine secretion associated with both Th1 andTh2 cells. Accordingly, ICOS KO mice demonstrate impaired development ofautoimmune phenotypes in a variety of disease models, including diabetes(Th1), airway inflammation (Th2) and EAE neuro-inflammatory models(Th17).

In addition to its role in modulating T effector (Teff) cell function,ICOS also modulates T regulatory cells (Tregs). ICOS is expressed athigh levels on Tregs, and has been implicated in Treg homeostasis andfunction.

Upon activation, ICOS, a disulfide-linked homodimer, induces a signalthrough the PI3K and AKT pathways. Subsequent signaling events result inexpression of lineage specific transcription factors (e.g., T-bet,GATA-3) and, in turn, effects on T cell proliferation and survival.

ICOS ligand (ICOSL; B7-H2; B7RP1; CD275; GL50), also a member of the B7superfamily, is the only ligand for ICOS and is expressed on the cellsurface of B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. ICOSL functions asa non-covalently linked homodimer on the cell surface in its interactionwith ICOS. Human ICOSL, although not mouse ICOSL, has been reported tobind to human CD28 and CTLA-4 (Yao et al., 2011, Immunity, 34: 729-740).

SUMMARY

In some embodiments, a method of determining the level of ICOSexpression in a sample is provided, comprising detecting the levels ofat least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at leastsix, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least tenmRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, detectionof at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at leastsix, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least tenmRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 provides a more robust assayfor determining ICOS expression than detecting ICOS alone.

In some embodiments, a method of determining the level of ICOSexpression in a sample is provided, comprising determining whether thecancer is microsatellite insability (MSI) positive. In some embodiments,if the cancer is MSI positive, ICOS expression is determined to beelevated. In some embodiments, if the cancer is MSI high, ICOSexpression is determined to be elevated.

In some embodiments, a method of predicting whether a cancer willrespond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy is provided, comprising detectingthe levels of at least two, at least three, at least four, at leastfive, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or atleast ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 in a sample from asubject with cancer. In some embodiments, if the level of at least one,at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at leastsix, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten ofthe mRNAs is above a threshold level, the cancer is predicted to respondto anti-ICOS antibody therapy.

In some embodiments, a method of predicting whether a cancer willrespond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy is provided, comprisingdetermining whether the cancer is microsatellite insability (MSI)positive. In some embodiments, if the cancer is MSI positive, the canceris predicted to respond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy. In someembodiments, if the cancer is MSI high, the cancer is predicted torespond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy. As shown in FIG. 36, MSI high(MSI-H) cancers express higher levels of ICOS. Accordingly, in someembodiments, methods of treating MSI-H cancers are provided, comprisingadministering anti-ICOS antibody therapy. In some embodiments, the MSI-Hcancer is selected from colon adenocarcinoma (COAD), stomachadenocarcinoma (STAD; also known as gastric cancer), and uterine corpusendometrial carcinoma (UCEC).

In some embodiments, a method of identifying a subject with cancer whois likely to benefit from treatment with an anti-ICOS antibody isprovided, comprising detecting the levels of at least two, at leastthree, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, atleast eight, at least nine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from themRNAs in Table 6 in a sample from the subject. In some embodiments, ifthe level of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four,at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at leastnine, or at least ten of the mRNAs is above a threshold level, thesubject is identified as likely to benefit from treatment with ananti-ICOS antibody.

In some embodiments, a method of identifying a subject with cancer whois likely to benefit from treatment with an anti-ICOS antibody isprovided, comprising determining whether the cancer is microsatelliteinsability (MSI) positive. In some embodiments, if the cancer is MSIpositive, the subject is likely to benefit from treatment with ananti-ICOS antibody therapy. In some embodiments, if the cancer is MSIhigh, the subject is likely to benefit from treatment with an anti-ICOSantibody therapy.

In some embodiments, a method of selecting a cancer therapy for asubject with cancer is provided, comprising detecting the levels of atleast two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at least six,at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten mRNAsselected from the mRNAs in Table 6 in a sample from the subject, and ifthe level of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four,at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at leastnine, or at least ten of the mRNAs is above a threshold level, selectingan anti-ICOS antibody for the therapy.

In some embodiments, a method of selecting a cancer therapy for asubject with cancer is provided, comprising determining whether thecancer is microsatellite insability (MSI) positive. In some embodiments,if the cancer is MSI positive, an anti-ICOS antibody therapy isselected. In some embodiments, if the cancer is MSI high, an anti-ICOSantibody therapy is selected.

In some embodiments, a method according to this disclosure furthercomprises administering an effective amount of an anti-ICOS antibody tothe subject.

In some embodiments, a method of treating cancer in a subject isprovided, comprising detecting the levels of at least two, at leastthree, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, atleast eight, at least nine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from themRNAs in Table 6 in a sample from a subject; and if the level of atleast one, at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five,at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at leastten of the mRNAs is above a threshold level, then treating the subjectwith an effective amount of anti-ICOS antibody.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, thethreshold level is determined relative to a reference mRNA. In someembodiments, the reference mRNA is a housekeeping mRNA.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, the methodcomprises detecting the levels of at least two, at least three, at leastfour, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, atleast nine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from CCR5, CD2, CD96, CTLA4,CXCR6, FOXP3, ICOS, ITK, P2RY10, SIRPG, and TIGIT.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, thedetecting comprises at least one method selected from amplification andhybridization. In some embodiments, the method comprises quantitativePCR. In some embodiments, the method comprises hybridization on anarray.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure,determining if a cancer is MSI positive comprises detecting markers ofmicrosatellite instability by PCR. In some such embodiments, the methodcomprises detecting genetic instability at markers (loci) BAT25, BAT26,D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250 by PCR. In some embodiments, if geneticinstability is detected at 2 or more of the markers, a cancer isMSI-high. In some embodiments, if genetic instability is detected at 1marker, the cancer is MSI-low. In some embodiments, if geneticinstability is detected at 0 markers, the cancer is MSS. In someembodiments, if genentic instability is detected at at least 30% of themarkers (loci) tested by PCR, then the cancer is MSI-high. In someembodiments, if genentic instability is detected at more than 0% butless than 30% of the markers (loci) tested by PCR, then the cancer isMSI-low. In some embodiments, if genentic instability is detected at 0%of the markers (loci) tested by PCR, then the cancer is MSS. In someembodiments of a method according to this disclosure, determining if acancer is MSI positive comprises detecting one or more mismatch repairproteins by IHC. In some embodiments, the method comprises detectingone, two, three, or four mismatch repair proteins selected from MLH1,MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6. In some embodiments, if one or more of themismatch repair proteins is not detected by IHC, the cancer isMSI-positive.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, the sampleis a cancer sample.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, thesubject has a cancer is selected from melanoma, non-small cell lungcancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), gastric cancer, bladdercancer, endometrial cancer (including uterine corpus endometrialcarcinoma (UCEC)), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin'slymphoma, ovarian cancer, head & neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), andtriple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In some embodiments, the subjecthas a cancer selected from melanoma, gastric cancer, endometrial cancer(including uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC)), head & necksquamous cell cancer (HNSCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), andtriple negative breast cancer (TNBC). In some embodiments, the subjecthas a lung adenocarcinoma subtype selected from terminal respiratoryunit (TRU) and prox-inflammatory. In some embodiments, the subject hasthe secretory subtype of lung squamous cell carcinoma. In someembodiments, the subject has a head and neck squamous cell carcinomasubtype selected from HPV+, HPV−, basal, atypical, and mesenchymal. Insome embodiments, the subject has a breast invasive carcinoma subtypeselected from HER2+ and triple negative. In some embodiments, thesubject has the POLE mutation subtype of uterine corpus endometrialcarcinoma. In some embodiments, the subject has MSI-H uterine corpusendometrial carcinoma (UCEC). In some embodiments, the subject has HPV+cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinoma. Insome embodiments, the subject has a stomach adenocarcinoma subtypeselected from MSI-H, CN stable, and EV+. In some embodiments, thesubject has the basal III (squamous) or basal IV (mesenchymal) subtypeof bladder urothelial carcinoma. In some embodiments, the subject hasthe immunogenic subtype of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. In someembodiments, the subject has the S1 subtype of liver hepatocellularcarcinoma.

In some embodiments, a method of selecting a patient for treatment witha therapeutic agonist anti-ICOS antibody is provided, comprisingcontacting T cells from the patient with a test agonist anti-ICOSantibody and determining whether NKp46 ligand (NKp46-L) is induced onthe T cells. In some embodiments, a method of determining whether apatient will respond to treatment with a therapeutic agonist anti-ICOSantibody is provided, comprising contacting T cells from the patientwith a test agonist anti-ICOS antibody and determining whether NKp46ligand (NKp46-L) is induced on the T cells. In some embodiments, ifNKp46-L is induced on the T cells, the patient is selected for treatmentwith the therapeutic anti-ICOS agonist antibody. In some embodiments,the T cells are Treg cells. In some embodiments, if NKp46-L is inducedon Treg cells to a greater extent than on Teff cells, the patient isselected for treatment with the therapeutic anti-ICOS agonist antibody.In some embodiments, the induction of NKp46-L on T cells is determinedusing a soluble NKp46 extracellular domain in a flow cytometry assay. Insome embodiments, the T cells are comprised in a blood sample from thepatient. In some embodiments, the T cells are comprised in a peripheralblood mononucleocyte (PBMC) sample from the patient. In someembodiments, the therapeutic agonist anti-ICOS antibody and the testagonist anti-ICOS antibody are the same. In some embodiments, thetherapeutic agonist anti-ICOS antibody and the test agonist anti-ICOSantibody are different.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody binds to human ICOS, and the antibody also binds tomouse ICOS and/or rat ICOS. In some embodiments, the antibody binds tohuman ICOS with an affinity (K_(D)) of less than 5 nM. In someembodiments, the antibody binds to rat ICOS with an affinity (K_(D)) ofless than 10 nM. In some embodiments, affinity is determined usingbiolayer interferometry. In some embodiments, the antibody binds tohuman ICOS, mouse ICOS, and rat ICOS. In some embodiments, the antibodybinds to cynomolgus monkey ICOS.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises:

-   -   i) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        12; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        13; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        14; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        15; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        16; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 17; or    -   ii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        42; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        43; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        44; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        45; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        46; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 47; or    -   iii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        62; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        63; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        64; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        65; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        66; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 67; or    -   iv) (a) HCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs: 22, 62, 72, 82, 92, 102, and 112; (b) HCDR2        comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 23,        63, 73, 83, 93, 103, and 113; (c) HCDR3 comprising an amino acid        sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 24, 64, 74, 84, 94, 104, and        114; (d) LCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs: 25, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, and 115; (e) LCDR2        comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 26,        66, 76, 86, 96, 106, and 116; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an amino        acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 27, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107,        and 117; or    -   v) (a) HCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ        ID NOs: 32, 162, 172, and 182; (b) HCDR2 comprising an amino        acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 33, 163, 173, and        183; (c) HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs: 34, 164, 174, and 184; (d) LCDR1 comprising an amino        acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 35, 165, 175, and        185; (e) LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs: 36, 166, 176, and 186; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an        amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 37, 167, 177, and        187; or    -   vi) (a) HCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs: 52, 122, 132, 142, and 152; (b) HCDR2 comprising an        amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 53, 123, 133, 143,        and 153; (c) HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected        from SEQ ID NOs: 54, 124, 134, 144, and 154; (d) LCDR1        comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 55,        125, 135, 145, and 155; (e) LCDR2 comprising an amino acid        sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 56, 126, 136, 146, and 156;        and (f) LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from        SEQ ID NOs: 57, 127, 137, 147, and 157; or    -   vii)(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        22; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        23; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        24; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        25; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        26; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 27; or    -   viii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        32; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        33; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        34; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        35; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        36; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 37; or    -   ix) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        52; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        53; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        54; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        55; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        56; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 57; or    -   x) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        72; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        73; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        74; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        75; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        76; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 77; or    -   xi) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        82; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        83; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        84; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        85; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        86; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 87; or    -   xii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        92; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        93; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        94; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        95; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        96; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 97; or    -   xiii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        102; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        103; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        104; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        105; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        106; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 107; or    -   xiv) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        112; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        113; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        114; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        115; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        116; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 117; or    -   xv) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        122; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        123; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        124; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        125; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        126; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 127; or    -   xvi) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        132; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        133; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        134; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        135; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        136; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 137; or (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ        ID NO: 142; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ        ID NO: 143; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ        ID NO: 144; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ        ID NO: 145; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ        ID NO: 146; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 147; or    -   xvii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        152; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        153; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        154; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        155; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        156; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 157; or    -   xviii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 162; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 163; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 164; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 165; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 166; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ        ID NO: 167; or    -   xix) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        172; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        173; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        174; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        175; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        176; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 177; or    -   xx) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        182; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        183; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        184; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        185; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        186; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 187.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises:

-   -   i) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        194; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        195; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        196; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        197; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        198; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 199; or    -   ii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        202; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        203; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        204; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        205; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        206; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 207; or    -   iii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        210; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        211; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        212; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        213; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        214; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 215.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and alight chain variable region (V_(L)), wherein:

-   -   i) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,        98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 192 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,        96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 193; or    -   ii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 200 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 201; or    -   iii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 208 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 209.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and alight chain variable region (V_(L)), wherein:

-   -   iv) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        192 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 193; or    -   v) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        201; or    -   vi) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        208 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 209.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and alight chain variable region (V_(L)), wherein:

-   -   i) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,        98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 10 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,        96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 11; or    -   ii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 20 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; or    -   iii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 30 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; or    -   iv) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 40 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or    -   v) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,        98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 50 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,        96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 51; or    -   vi) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 60 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; or    -   vii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 70 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71; or    -   viii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 80 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or    -   ix) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 90 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,        95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid        sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91; or    -   x) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,        98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 100 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,        96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence        of SEQ ID NO: 101; or    -   xi) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 110 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111; or    -   xii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 120 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121; or    -   xiii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 130 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131; or    -   xiv) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 140 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141; or    -   xv) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 150 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151; or    -   xvi) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 160 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161; or    -   xvii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 170 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 171; or    -   xviii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,        97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of        SEQ ID NO: 180 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,        94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino        acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 181.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and alight chain variable region (V_(L)), wherein:

-   -   i) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        11; or    -   ii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        21; or    -   iii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        30 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        31; or    -   iv) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        41; or    -   v) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        51; or    -   vi) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        61; or    -   vii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        70 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        71; or    -   viii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        80 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        81; or    -   ix) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        91; or    -   x) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100        and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        101; or    -   xi) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        110 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 111; or    -   xii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        120 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 121; or    -   xiii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        130 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 131; or    -   xiv) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        140 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 141; or    -   xv) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        150 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 151; or    -   xvi) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        160 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 161; or    -   xvii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        170 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 171; or    -   xviii) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:        180 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID        NO: 181.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is a monoclonal antibody. Insome embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is a chimeric antibody or ahumanized antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is anantibody fragment selected from a Fab, Fab′, Fv, scFv or (Fab′)₂fragment. In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is a full lengthantibody.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chaincomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 188 and a light chaincomprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure,administration of the anti-ICOS antibody to a mammal results in anincrease in T effector (Teff) cells in the mammal. In some embodiments,administration of the antibody to a mammal results in activation of Teffector (Teff) cells in the mammal. In some embodiments, administrationof the antibody to a mammal increases the ratio of Teff cells to Tregcells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells. Insome embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ Tcells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure,administration of the antibody to a mammal results in a decrease in Tregulatory (Treg) cells in the mammal. In some embodiments, the Tregcells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure,administration of the antibody to a mammal results in an increase of thelevel of the ligand for NKp46 (NKp46-L) on T cells. In some embodiments,the increased level of NKp46-L on T cells is determined using a solubleNKp46 extracellular domain in a flow cytometry assay. In someembodiments, the antibody increases the level of NKp46-L on Treg cellsmore than the antibody increases the level of NKp46-L on Teff cells. Insome embodiments, the antibody increases CD16 shedding on NK cells.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, thesubject is a human.

In some embodiments of a method according to this disclosure, the methodcomprises administering an anti-ICOS antibody and at least oneadditional therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the additionaltherapeutic agent is administered concurrently or sequentially with theanti-ICOS antibody. In some embodiments, the additional therapeuticagent is a PD-1 therapy. In some embodiments, the additional therapeuticagent is selected from an anti-PD-1 antibody and an anti-PD-L1 antibody.In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered with nivolumab. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibodyprovided herein is administered with pembrolizumab. In some embodiments,an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein is administered with atezolizumab.In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered with avelumab. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibodyprovided herein is administered with durvalumab.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is a cancervaccine. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is selected from a DNAvaccine, an engineered virus vaccine, an engineered tumor cell vaccine,and a cancer vaccine developed using neoantigens.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered with an agonist anti-OX40 antibody. In some embodiments,the anti-ICOS antibody provided herein is administered with ananti-CTLA4 antibody. In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibodyprovided herein is administered with ipilimumab.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic is a chemotherapeuticagent. Nonlimiting exemplary chemotherapeutic agents includecapectiabine, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine, temozolomide,cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, daunorubicin, cisplatin,carboplatin, epirubicin, eribulin, 5-FU, gemcitabine, irinotecan,ixabepilone, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel,nab-paclitaxel, ABRAXANE® (protein-bound paclitaxel), pemetrexed,vinorelbine, and vincristine. In some embodiments, the anti-ICOSantibody provided herein is administered with ABRAXANE® (Celgene). Insome embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein is administeredwith at least one kinase inhibitor. Nonlimiting exemplary kinaseinhibitors include erlotinib, afatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib,dabrafenib, trametinib, vemurafenib, and cobimetanib.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an IDOinhibitor. Nonlimiting exemplary IDO inhibitors include Indoximod (NewLink Genetics), INCB024360 (Incyte Corp), 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (NewLink Genetics), and GDC-0919 (Genentech). In some embodiments, theadditional therapeutic agent is an immune-modifying drug (IMiD).Nonlimiting exemplary IMiDs include thalidomide, lenalidomide, andpomalidomide.

In some embodiments, the mammal receives CAR-T therapy in addition toadministration of anti-ICOS an antibody described herein.

In some embodiments, the mammal undergoes surgery and/or radiationtherapy in addition to administration of an anti-ICOS antibody describedherein, with or without an additional therapeutic agent. In someembodiments, the mammal undergoes radiation therapy in addition toadministration of anti-ICOS an antibody described herein, with orwithout an additional therapeutic agent.

In some embodiments, use of at least two, at least three, at least four,at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at leastnine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 fordetermining the level of ICOS expression in a sample is provided. Insome embodiments, the sample is a cancer sample.

In some embodiments, use of at least two, at least three, at least four,at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at leastnine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 forpredicting whether a cancer will respond to anti-ICOS antibody therapyis provided.

In some embodiments, use of at least two, at least three, at least four,at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at leastnine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 foridentifying a subject with cancer who is likely to benefit fromtreatment with an anti-ICOS antibody.

In some embodiments, use of at least two, at least three, at least four,at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at leastnine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 forselecting a cancer therapy for a subject with cancer, wherein the cancertherapy comprises an anti-ICOS antibody.

In some embodiments of a use according to this disclosure, the cancer isselected from melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cellcarcinoma (RCC), gastric cancer, bladder cancer, diffuse large B-celllymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, head & necksquamous cell cancer (HNSCC), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from melanoma, gastriccancer, head & neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC), non-small cell lungcancer (NSCLC), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides an isolated antibodycomprising:

(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 198; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 199; or(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 203; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 205; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 206; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 207; or(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 211; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 213; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 214; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 215.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variableregion (V_(H)) and a light chain variable region (V_(L)), wherein:

the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193; orthe V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 201; orthe V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 208 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 209.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises a heavy chain variableregion (V_(H)) and a light chain variable region (V_(L)), wherein:

the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192 and theV_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193; orthe V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200 and theV_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 201; orthe V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 208 and theV_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 209.

In some embodiments, the antibody is a monoclonal antibody. In someembodiments, the antibody is a chimeric antibody or a humanizedantibody. In some embodiments, the antibody is an antibody fragmentselected from a Fab, Fab′, Fv, scFv or (Fab′)₂ fragment. In someembodiments, the antibody is a full length antibody.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a composition comprising anantibody disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a use of an antibodydisclosed herein to detect ICOS, inhibit ICOS, determine a level ofexpression of ICOS, predict whether a cancer will respond to anti-ICOStherapy, identify a subject with cancer who is likely to benefit fromtreatment with an anti-ICOS antibody, select a cancer therapy for asubject with cancer, or treat cancer.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a use of an antibodydisclosed herein in the preparation of a medicament for inhibiting ICOSor treating cancer.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a use of an antibodydisclosed herein in the preparation of a composition for detecting ICOS,determining a level of expression of ICOS, predicting whether a cancerwill respond to anti-ICOS therapy, identifying a subject with cancer whois likely to benefit from treatment with an anti-ICOS antibody, orselecting a cancer therapy for a subject with cancer.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a nucleic acid encoding anantibody disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a host cell comprising anucleic acid encoding an antibody disclosed herein.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of producing anantibody disclosed herein comprising culturing host cell comprising anucleic acid encoding an antibody disclosed herein, the host cell beingcultured under conditions wherein the antibody is expressed. In someembodiments, the method further comprises purifying the antibody.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A-B. Levels of ICOS mRNA across multiple human tumors. A) Meanintensity and 75% confidence intervals of normalized ICOS mRNA levelsacross various indications are plotted. Samples with intensities outsideof the 75% confidence range are indicated (dot). B) The percentage ofeach indicated tumor type showing 0, 1+, 2+ or 3+ ICOS staining byimmunohistochemistry (IHC).

FIG. 2. Correlation of ICOS expression with T-cell infiltration. ICOSmRNA levels from ˜450 HNSCC tumors were compared with a 12 gene T-cellassociated chemokine signature score or FoxP3 mRNA levels. Levels ofnormalized chemokine signature or FoxP3 mRNA for each tumor is plottedon the Y axis, mRNA levels of ICOS are plotted in the X-axis. TheSpearman correlation (R) of the association is show on the graph[Corr(S)]. A correlation of >0.75 (Spearman R) is viewed as cut-off forstrong correlation.

FIG. 3. ICOS mRNA expression was compared for ˜450 HNSCC tumors usingTCGA RNA sequencing data (NCI). Levels of normalized CTLA-4 or PD-1 orPD-L1 mRNA for each tumor is plotted on the Y axis, mRNA levels of ICOSare plotted in the X-axis. The Spearman correlation (R) of theassociation is show on the graph [Corr(S)]. ICOS expression levelssignificantly correlated with expression of checkpoint molecules CTLA-4,PD-1. A weak correlation between ICOS and PD-L1 was observed. Acorrelation of >0.75 (Spearman R) is viewed as cut-off for strongcorrelation.

FIG. 4. Representative images of the varying intensities of ICOSstaining in human NSCLC tumor.

FIG. 5. Distribution of ICOS cell density from human tumors. ICOS celldensity was determined in each of the human tumors, and mean ICOSdensity from each tumor type is plotted in Y axis [NSCLC (N=100); HNSCC(N=102); Breast cancer, all major subtypes (N=94); triple negativesubtype of breast cancer, TNBC (N=95); ovarian cancer (N=94)]. Thestatistical analysis was performed using ANOVA.

FIG. 6A-B. Diversity of ICOS cell density in NSCLC samples. A) Thedensity of ICOS expression was evaluated in a panel of lung tumorsamples (N=98) and tumors were ranked based on ICOS+ density of positivecells/mm2. B) Diversity of ICOS expression in a second independentcohort of NSCLC clinical samples (N=204).

FIG. 7A-B. Distribution of ICOS cell density in different T cell subsetsfrom human cancer. A) Representative image depicting the ICOS stainingin the distinct T cell compartments. The arrows point to ICOS+ FOXP3+Treg cells or ICOS+ CD8− CD4 effectors. B) ICOS cell density fromindividual tumors was analyzed in FoxP3 positive CD4 Tregs or CD8positive T cells are CD8 negative and FoxP3 negative CD4 effs. The meanICOS density and standard deviation from each of these tumor types areplotted. [Lung cancer (N=100); HNSCC (N=102); Triple negative subtype ofbreast cancer, TNBC (N=95); Ovarian cancer (N=94)].

FIG. 8A-B. High ICOS expression is observed in PD-L1 high NSCLC tumors.By utilizing the PD-L1/ICOS/PD-1 multiplex IHC ICOS and PD-L1 levelswere evaluated in a set of adenocarcinoma of NSCLC (n=150). A)Representative images of a PD-L1 high (left panel) or a PD-L1 low (rightpanel) tumor stained with ICOS, PD-1 and PD-L1. B) Quantification ofICOS cell density in PD-L1 high (>5% of cells are PD-L1 positive orPD-L1 low (<5% of the cells are PD-L1 positive) squamous cell carcinoma(left panel) and adenocarcinoma (right panel).

FIG. 9A-C. Human tumor TIL analysis show ICOS expression in the Tregcells and CD4 effectors. A) Representative contour plots of PD-1 andICOS expression in different T-cells subsets from HNSCC patients (N=4).B) The frequency of ICOS alone positive cells or the ICOS PD-1 doublepositive cells in the T-cell compartment is shown (HNSCC N=4; NSCLC N=3;Ovarian N=4). C) Comparison of ICOS levels in CD4 Treg cells and CD4Teff. The staining intensity of ICOS as measured by Mean FluorescentIntensity (MFI; or ICOS geometric mean) in the CD4 T-cell subsets frompatient tumor samples is plotted.

FIG. 10A-C. A) Effect of anti-ICOS antibodies on proliferation ofprimary human CD4+ T cells in a plate-bound format in the presence ofsuboptimal anti-CD3 is shown. Percent of cells divided is graphed. B)Effect of anti-ICOS antibodies on proliferation of human CD4+ T cells insoluble format in the presence of suboptimal PMA is shown. Percent ofcells divided is graphed. C) Effect of anti-ICOS antibody37A10S713-hIgG1 on proliferation of primary human CD4+ T cells in aplate-bound format in the presence of suboptimal anti-CD3.

FIG. 11A-B. Evaluation of anti-ICOS antibodies in an NF-kB reporterassay is shown. The graphs show percent GFP+ cells.

FIG. 12. Evaluation of soluble anti-ICOS antibodies in a PBMC assay withsuper-antigen (SEB) stimulation is shown. The readout is IFNgproduction.

FIG. 13. Anti-ICOS antibodies were evaluated for potential superagonismin a human T cell proliferation assay in the absence anti-CD3. Thereadout in this assay is percent proliferation.

FIG. 14A-B. Evaluation of an anti-ICOS antibody in a phospho-AKT (pAKT)assay in the presence or absence of a secondary cross-linker. Thereadout is percent of CD4 T cells that are pAKT-positive. A) Results inthe absence of secondary cross-linker. B) Results in the presence ofsecondary cross-linker.

FIG. 15A-B. Anti-ICOS antibodies were evaluated in the Sa1/Nfibrosarcoma syngeneic tumor model. Tumor growth is plotted on they-axis. A) Dashed lines indicate tumor growth of individual mice; solidline indicates average growth curve for the group. Number of tumor-freemice per group is indicated. B) Average tumor volume in each treatmentgroup.

FIG. 16. Tumor-free mice previously treated with anti-ICOS 7F12 werere-challenged with Sa1/N tumors Tumor growth is plotted on the y-axis.

FIG. 17. Effect of hamster anti-ICOS antibody 37A10 with mG1 and mG2a Fcon Sa1/N tumor growth. Dashed lines indicate individual tumor growth ofindividual mice; solid line indicates average tumor growth curve for thegroup. Number of tumor-free mice per group is indicated.

FIG. 18. Evaluation of anti-ICOS antibodies as single agents or incombination with anti-PD1 in the CT26 syngeneic tumor model. Dashedlines indicate individual mice; solid line indicates average growthcurve for the group. Number of tumor-free mice per group is indicated.

FIG. 19. Depletion of FoxP3+ Tregs in Sa1/N tumors upon anti-ICOSantibody treatment. Frequency of CD8, CD4 Teff and Treg cells in spleenand tumor, and number of Tregs per mg of tumor is shown. Each shapeindicates an individual mouse.

FIG. 20. Depletion of Tregs and activation of Teff cells in Sa1/N tumorsupon anti-ICOS antibody treatment. Top row: Frequency of CD8, CD4 Teffand Treg cells, CD8 to Treg ratio and frequency of PD-1+ CD8 T cells intumors. Bottom row: Frequency of dividing Ki-67+ CD8 and CD4 Teff cells,and Tbet+ CD4 Teff cells among CD3+ cells in tumors. Each shapeindicates an individual mouse.

FIG. 21. Evaluation of an anti-ICOS antibody in the Sa1/N tumor modelfollowing depletion of T cells. Tumor growth over time is plotted.Number of tumor free mice is indicated.

FIG. 22A-B. A) Reduction of Tegs cells in a PBMC assay upon treatmentwith a humanized anti-ICOS antibody. B) Treg and Teff cells expresssimilar levels of ICOS following five days of IL-2 treatment.

FIG. 23. Tumor re-challenge following treatment with anti-ICOS antibody.Left panel shows tumor volume in mice following administration of one ortwo doses of anti-ICOS antibody. Right panel shows tumor volume incontrol mice or mice that were tumor free following administration ofanti-ICOS antibody, following tumor re-challenge.

FIG. 24A-B. Increase in ICOSL expression in Sa1/N tumor bearing mice (A)and cynomolgus monkeys (B) administered anti-ICOS antibody.

FIG. 25. Box plot of the analysis of ICOS expression across TCGA humantumor indications. Boxes indicate the upper and lower quartiles ofexpression, with the median line being shown. Outliers are plotted forany tumor in which ICOS expression expressed at a level that is morethan the interquartile range outside of the upper or lower quartile.Indications shown in bold were selected for follow-up analysis toidentify genes associated with ICOS expression. Expression is shown aslog₂(FPKM).

FIG. 26. Histogram of correlation (p) values between a given gene andICOS expression for genes correlated with ICOS expression.

FIG. 27. Change in Th-1 chemokine and cytokine expression followingtreatment of lung tumor tissue with anti-ICOS antibody (right panels) oranti-PD-1 antibody (left panels), at 6 hours (top panels) or 24 hours(bottom panels).

FIG. 28A-F. NKp46 ligand levels on Teff cells (A, C, E) and Treg cells(B, D, F) from three different donors, following treatment with agonistand antagonist anti-ICOS antibodies.

FIG. 29. Loss of CD16 (CD16 shedding) from NK cells treated with agonistanti-ICOS antibody.

FIG. 30. Representative data showing binding of antibodies in Cell-basedELISA. Increasing binding as reflected by relative light units (RLU)from detection of monoclonal antibodies 2M13 and 2M19 binding to ICOSexpressing CHO-K1 cells. This binding was significantly higher than thatobserved with IgG isotype control antibody. Similar data was seen forcontrol anti-ICOS antibodies, SP98 and 2M24 (data not shown).

FIG. 31. Representative images of tonsil sections stained with anti-ICOSmAbs. Sections of human tonsil samples were stained with anti-ICOSantibodies 2M13, 2M19, 2M24, and SP98. 2M13, 2M19, and 2M24 antibodieswere used at 0.5 μg/mL, while SP98 was used at 0.66 μg/mL. Specific andintense staining of cells was observed in the lymphatic areas known tobe populated by T cells. No staining was observed in non-T cell regionsof the tissue. A control antibody did not show any staining in thetissue section (data not shown).

FIG. 32. Competition studies shows that 2M13 specifically detects ICOSexpression. Staining of tonsil tissue samples is blocked by a(C-terminal) peptide encompassing the antigen epitope used to generatethe antibody (upper panels). An adjacent N-terminal peptide was unableto block staining of ICOS positive cells by 2M13 (lower panels). The twoleft panels show staining of tonsil tissue with 2M13 alone.

FIG. 33. 2M13 specifically stained CHO cells expressing ICOS but notcells transfected with empty vector. Similar staining was observed foranti-ICOS antibodies 2M19 and 2M24 (data not shown).

FIG. 34. Representative images demonstrating inter-run assayconsistency. Representative photomicrographs of duplicate slides stainedon two different days using the developed IHC protocol. Antibody wasused at 0.5 μg/mL. Pathology scores are indicated in parentheses.

FIG. 35. Representative photomicrograph of samples depicting a range ofICOS expression levels. IHC assay for detection of ICOS expression has awide range of detection. Panel D shows tumor sample with high number ofICOS expressing cells (3+). Panels B & C show representative sampleswith low ICOS positive cells (1+) or medium (2+) ICOS expressionrespectively. Panel A shows a tumor sample with no ICOS expressing cells(score 0).

FIG. 36. Higher ICOS levels are observed on Micosatellite Instabilityhigh (MSI-high) tumors than on MSI-low or Microsatellite Stable (MSS)tumors. The expression of ICOS is shown across colon adenocarcinoma(COAD), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD; also known as gastric cancer), anduterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC) subdivided by MSI/MSSstatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOME EMBODIMENTS

Gene expression signatures for predicting or determining ICOSexpression, e.g., in a tumor environment, are provided. In someembodiments, the gene expression signatures may be used to identifypatients who are likely to respond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy. Insome embodiments, a gene expression signature comprising two or moregenes in place of, or in addition to, ICOS may provide a more robustassay for ICOS expression than detecting ICOS alone. In someembodiments, methods of treatment are provided, comprising identifying apatient who is likely to respond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy using agene expression signature described herein, and administering ananti-ICOS antibody.

The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes onlyand are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

All references cited herein, including patent applications, patentpublications, and Genbank Accession numbers are herein incorporated byreference, as if each individual reference were specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The techniques and procedures described or referenced herein aregenerally well understood and commonly employed using conventionalmethodology by those skilled in the art, such as, for example, thewidely utilized methodologies described in Sambrook et al., MolecularCloning: A Laboratory Manual 3rd. edition (2001) Cold Spring HarborLaboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. CURRENT PROTOCOLS INMOLECULAR BIOLOGY (F. M. Ausubel, et al. eds., (2003)); the seriesMETHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY (Academic Press, Inc.): PCR 2: A PRACTICALAPPROACH (M. J. MacPherson, B. D. Hames and G. R. Taylor eds. (1995)),Harlow and Lane, eds. (1988) ANTIBODIES, A LABORATORY MANUAL, and ANIMALCELL CULTURE (R. I. Freshney, ed. (1987)); Oligonucleotide Synthesis (M.J. Gait, ed., 1984); Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press; CellBiology: A Laboratory Notebook (J. E. Cellis, ed., 1998) Academic Press;Animal Cell Culture (R. I. Freshney), ed., 1987); Introduction to Celland Tissue Culture (J. P. Mather and P. E. Roberts, 1998) Plenum Press;Cell and Tissue Culture Laboratory Procedures (A. Doyle, J. B.Griffiths, and D. G. Newell, eds., 1993-8) J. Wiley and Sons; Handbookof Experimental Immunology (D. M. Weir and C. C. Blackwell, eds.); GeneTransfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells (J. M. Miller and M. P. Calos,eds., 1987); PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction, (Mullis et al., eds.,1994); Current Protocols in Immunology (J. E. Coligan et al., eds.,1991); Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley and Sons, 1999);Immunobiology (C. A. Janeway and P. Travers, 1997); Antibodies (P.Finch, 1997); Antibodies: A Practical Approach (D. Catty., ed., IRLPress, 1988-1989); Monoclonal Antibodies: A Practical Approach (P.Shepherd and C. Dean, eds., Oxford University Press, 2000); UsingAntibodies: A Laboratory Manual (E. Harlow and D. Lane (Cold SpringHarbor Laboratory Press, 1999); The Antibodies (M. Zanetti and J. D.Capra, eds., Harwood Academic Publishers, 1995); and Cancer: Principlesand Practice of Oncology (V. T. DeVita et al., eds., J.B. LippincottCompany, 1993); and updated versions thereof.

I. Definitions

Unless otherwise defined, scientific and technical terms used inconnection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that arecommonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further,unless otherwise required by context or expressly indicated, singularterms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include thesingular. For any conflict in definitions between various sources orreferences, the definition provided herein will control.

It is understood that embodiments of the invention described hereininclude “consisting” and/or “consisting essentially of” embodiments. Asused herein, the singular form “a”, “an”, and “the” includes pluralreferences unless indicated otherwise. Use of the term “or” herein isnot meant to imply that alternatives are mutually exclusive.

In this application, the use of “or” means “and/or” unless expresslystated or understood by one skilled in the art. In the context of amultiple dependent claim, the use of “or” refers back to more than onepreceding independent or dependent claim.

As is understood by one skilled in the art, reference to “about” a valueor parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that aredirected to that value or parameter per se. For example, descriptionreferring to “about X” includes description of “X”.

The terms “nucleic acid molecule”, “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide”may be used interchangeably, and refer to a polymer of nucleotides. Suchpolymers of nucleotides may contain natural and/or non-naturalnucleotides, and include, but are not limited to, DNA, RNA, and PNA.“Nucleic acid sequence” refers to the linear sequence of nucleotidesthat comprise the nucleic acid molecule or polynucleotide.

The terms “polypeptide” and “protein” are used interchangeably to referto a polymer of amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimumlength. Such polymers of amino acid residues may contain natural ornon-natural amino acid residues, and include, but are not limited to,peptides, oligopeptides, dimers, trimers, and multimers of amino acidresidues. Both full-length proteins and fragments thereof areencompassed by the definition. The terms also include post-expressionmodifications of the polypeptide, for example, glycosylation,sialylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and the like. Furthermore,for purposes of the present disclosure, a “polypeptide” refers to aprotein which includes modifications, such as deletions, additions, andsubstitutions (generally conservative in nature), to the nativesequence, as long as the protein maintains the desired activity. Thesemodifications may be deliberate, as through site-directed mutagenesis,or may be accidental, such as through mutations of hosts which producethe proteins or errors due to PCR amplification.

“ICOS” and “inducible T-cell costimulatory” as used herein refer to anynative ICOS that results from expression and processing of ICOS in acell. The term includes ICOS from any vertebrate source, includingmammals such as primates (e.g., humans and cynomolgus monkeys) androdents (e.g., mice and rats), unless otherwise indicated. The term alsoincludes naturally occurring variants of ICOS, e.g., splice variants orallelic variants. The amino acid sequence of an exemplary human ICOSprecursor protein, with signal sequence (with signal sequence, aminoacids 1-20) is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1. The amino acid sequence of anexemplary mature human ICOS is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2. The amino acidsequence of an exemplary mouse ICOS precursor protein, with signalsequence (with signal sequence, amino acids 1-20) is shown in SEQ ID NO:3. The amino acid sequence of an exemplary mature mouse ICOS is shown inSEQ ID NO: 4. The amino acid sequence of an exemplary rat ICOS precursorprotein, with signal sequence (with signal sequence, amino acids 1-20)is shown in SEQ ID NO: 190. The amino acid sequence of an exemplarymature rat ICOS is shown in SEQ ID NO: 191. The amino acid sequence ofan exemplary cynomolgus monkey ICOS precursor protein, with signalsequence (with signal sequence, amino acids 1-20) is shown in SEQ ID NO:5. The amino acid sequence of an exemplary mature cynomolgus monkey ICOSis shown in SEQ ID NO: 6.

The term “specifically binds” to an antigen or epitope is a term that iswell understood in the art, and methods to determine such specificbinding are also well known in the art. A molecule is said to exhibit“specific binding” or “preferential binding” if it reacts or associatesmore frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration and/or with greateraffinity with a particular cell or substance than it does withalternative cells or substances. An antibody “specifically binds” or“preferentially binds” to a target if it binds with greater affinity,avidity, more readily, and/or with greater duration than it binds toother substances. For example, an antibody that specifically orpreferentially binds to an ICOS epitope is an antibody that binds thisepitope with greater affinity, avidity, more readily, and/or withgreater duration than it binds to other ICOS epitopes or non-ICOSepitopes. It is also understood by reading this definition that, forexample, an antibody (or moiety or epitope) that specifically orpreferentially binds to a first target may or may not specifically orpreferentially bind to a second target. As such, “specific binding” or“preferential binding” does not necessarily require (although it caninclude) exclusive binding. Generally, but not necessarily, reference tobinding means preferential binding. “Specificity” refers to the abilityof a binding protein to selectively bind an antigen.

As used herein, “substantially pure” refers to material which is atleast 50% pure (that is, free from contaminants), more preferably, atleast 90% pure, more preferably, at least 95% pure, yet more preferably,at least 98% pure, and most preferably, at least 99% pure.

As used herein, the term “epitope” refers to a site on a target molecule(for example, an antigen, such as a protein, nucleic acid, carbohydrateor lipid) to which an antigen-binding molecule (for example, anantibody, antibody fragment, or scaffold protein containing antibodybinding regions) binds. Epitopes often include a chemically activesurface grouping of molecules such as amino acids, polypeptides or sugarside chains and have specific three-dimensional structuralcharacteristics as well as specific charge characteristics. Epitopes canbe formed both from contiguous and/or juxtaposed noncontiguous residues(for example, amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, lipid moiety) of thetarget molecule. Epitopes formed from contiguous residues (for example,amino acids, nucleotides, sugars, lipid moiety) typically are retainedon exposure to denaturing solvents whereas epitopes formed by tertiaryfolding typically are lost on treatment with denaturing solvents. Anepitope may include but is not limited to at least 3, at least 5 or 8-10residues (for example, amino acids or nucleotides). In some examples anepitope is less than 20 residues (for example, amino acids ornucleotides) in length, less than 15 residues or less than 12 residues.Two antibodies may bind the same epitope within an antigen if theyexhibit competitive binding for the antigen. In some embodiments, anepitope can be identified by a certain minimal distance to a CDR residueon the antigen-binding molecule. In some embodiments, an epitope can beidentified by the above distance, and further limited to those residuesinvolved in a bond (for example, a hydrogen bond) between an antibodyresidue and an antigen residue. An epitope can be identified by variousscans as well, for example an alanine or arginine scan can indicate oneor more residues that the antigen-binding molecule can interact with.Unless explicitly denoted, a set of residues as an epitope does notexclude other residues from being part of the epitope for a particularantibody. Rather, the presence of such a set designates a minimal series(or set of species) of epitopes. Thus, in some embodiments, a set ofresidues identified as an epitope designates a minimal epitope ofrelevance for the antigen, rather than an exclusive list of residues foran epitope on an antigen.

A “nonlinear epitope” or “conformational epitope” comprisesnoncontiguous polypeptides, amino acids and/or sugars within theantigenic protein to which an antibody specific to the epitope binds. Insome embodiments, at least one of the residues will be noncontiguouswith the other noted residues of the epitope; however, one or more ofthe residues can also be contiguous with the other residues.

A “linear epitope” comprises contiguous polypeptides, amino acids and/orsugars within the antigenic protein to which an antibody specific to theepitope binds. It is noted that, in some embodiments, not every one ofthe residues within the linear epitope need be directly bound (orinvolved in a bond) with the antibody. In some embodiments, linearepitopes can be from immunizations with a peptide that effectivelyconsisted of the sequence of the linear epitope, or from structuralsections of a protein that are relatively isolated from the remainder ofthe protein (such that the antibody can interact, at least primarily),just with that sequence section.

The term “antibody” herein is used in the broadest sense and encompassesvarious antibody structures, including but not limited to monoclonalantibodies, polyclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies (forexample, bispecific (such as Bi-specific T-cell engagers) andtrispecific antibodies), and antibody fragments so long as they exhibitthe desired antigen-binding activity.

The term antibody includes, but is not limited to, fragments that arecapable of binding to an antigen, such as Fv, single-chain Fv (scFv),Fab, Fab′, di-scFv, sdAb (single domain antibody) and (Fab′)₂ (includinga chemically linked F(ab′)₂). Papain digestion of antibodies producestwo identical antigen-binding fragments, called “Fab” fragments, eachwith a single antigen-binding site, and a residual “Fc” fragment, whosename reflects its ability to crystallize readily. Pepsin treatmentyields an F(ab′)₂ fragment that has two antigen-combining sites and isstill capable of cross-linking antigen. The term antibody also includes,but is not limited to, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, andantibodies of various species such as mouse, human, cynomolgus monkey,etc. Furthermore, for all antibody constructs provided herein, variantshaving the sequences from other organisms are also contemplated. Thus,if a human version of an antibody is disclosed, one of skill in the artwill appreciate how to transform the human sequence based antibody intoa mouse, rat, cat, dog, horse, etc. sequence. Antibody fragments alsoinclude either orientation of single chain scFvs, tandem di-scFv,diabodies, tandem tri-sdcFv, minibodies, etc. Antibody fragments alsoinclude nanobodies (sdAb, an antibody having a single, monomeric domain,such as a pair of variable domains of heavy chains, without a lightchain). An antibody fragment can be referred to as being a specificspecies in some embodiments (for example, human scFv or a mouse scFv).This denotes the sequences of at least part of the non-CDR regions,rather than the source of the construct.

The term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody of a substantiallyhomogeneous population of antibodies, that is, the individual antibodiescomprising the population are identical except for possiblenaturally-occurring mutations that may be present in minor amounts.Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific, being directed against asingle antigenic site. Furthermore, in contrast to polyclonal antibodypreparations, which typically include different antibodies directedagainst different determinants (epitopes), each monoclonal antibody isdirected against a single determinant on the antigen. Thus, a sample ofmonoclonal antibodies can bind to the same epitope on the antigen. Themodifier “monoclonal” indicates the character of the antibody as beingobtained from a substantially homogeneous population of antibodies, andis not to be construed as requiring production of the antibody by anyparticular method. For example, the monoclonal antibodies may be made bythe hybridoma method first described by Kohler and Milstein, 1975,Nature 256:495, or may be made by recombinant DNA methods such asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,816,567. The monoclonal antibodies may alsobe isolated from phage libraries generated using the techniquesdescribed in McCafferty et al., 1990, Nature 348:552-554, for example.

The term “CDR” denotes a complementarity determining region as definedby at least one manner of identification to one of skill in the art. Insome embodiments, CDRs can be defined in accordance with any of theChothia numbering schemes, the Kabat numbering scheme, a combination ofKabat and Chothia, the AbM definition, the contact definition, and/or acombination of the Kabat, Chothia, AbM, and/or contact definitions.Exemplary CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3, CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3)occur at amino acid residues 24-34 of L1, 50-56 of L2, 89-97 of L3,31-35B of H1, 50-65 of H2, and 95-102 of H3. (Kabat et al., Sequences ofProteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public Health Service,National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991)). The AbM definitioncan include, for example, CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3, CDR-H1, CDR-H2,and CDR-H3) at amino acid residues 24-34 of L1, 50-56 of L2, 89-97 ofL3, H26-H35B of H1, 50-58 of H2, and 95-102 of H3. The Contactdefinition can include, for example, CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3,CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3) at amino acid residues 30-36 of L1, 46-55 ofL2, 89-96 of L3, 30-35 of H1, 47-58 of H2, and 93-101 of H3. The Chothiadefinition can include, for example, CDRs (CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3,CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3) at amino acid residues 24-34 of L1, 50-56 ofL2, 89-97 of L3, 26-32 . . . 34 of H1, 52-56 of H2, and 95-102 of H3.CDRs can also be provided as shown in any one or more of theaccompanying figures. With the exception of CDR1 in V_(H), CDRsgenerally comprise the amino acid residues that form the hypervariableloops. The various CDRs within an antibody can be designated by theirappropriate number and chain type, including, without limitation as: a)CDR-L1, CDR-L2, CDR-L3, CDR-H1, CDR-H2, and CDR-H3; b) CDRL1, CDRL2,CDRL3, CDRH1, CDRH2, and CDRH3; c) LCDR-1, LCDR-2, LCDR-3, HCDR-1,HCDR-2, and HCDR-3; or d) LCDR1, LCDR2, LCDR3, HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3;etc. The term “CDR” is used herein to also encompass HVR or a “hypervariable region”, including hypervariable loops. Exemplary hypervariableloops occur at amino acid residues 26-32 (L1), 50-52 (L2), 91-96 (L3),26-32 (H1), 53-55 (H2), and 96-101 (H3). (Chothia and Lesk, J. Mol.Biol. 196:901-917 (1987).)

The term “heavy chain variable region” as used herein refers to a regioncomprising at least three heavy chain CDRs. In some embodiments, theheavy chain variable region includes the three CDRs and at least FR2 andFR3. In some embodiments, the heavy chain variable region includes atleast heavy chain HCDR1, framework (FR) 2, HCDR2, FR3, and HCDR3. Insome embodiments, a heavy chain variable region also comprises at leasta portion of an FR1 and/or at least a portion of an FR4.

The term “heavy chain constant region” as used herein refers to a regioncomprising at least three heavy chain constant domains, CH1, CH2, andCH3. Of course, non-function-altering deletions and alterations withinthe domains are encompassed within the scope of the term “heavy chainconstant region,” unless designated otherwise. Nonlimiting exemplaryheavy chain constant regions include γ, δ, and α. Nonlimiting exemplaryheavy chain constant regions also include ε and μ. Each heavy constantregion corresponds to an antibody isotype. For example, an antibodycomprising a γ constant region is an IgG antibody, an antibodycomprising a δ constant region is an IgD antibody, and an antibodycomprising an α constant region is an IgA antibody. Further, an antibodycomprising a μ constant region is an IgM antibody, and an antibodycomprising an ε constant region is an IgE antibody. Certain isotypes canbe further subdivided into subclasses. For example, IgG antibodiesinclude, but are not limited to, IgG1 (comprising a γ₁ constant region),IgG2 (comprising a γ₂ constant region), IgG3 (comprising a γ₃ constantregion), and IgG4 (comprising a γ₄ constant region) antibodies; IgAantibodies include, but are not limited to, IgA1 (comprising an α₁constant region) and IgA2 (comprising an α₂ constant region) antibodies;and IgM antibodies include, but are not limited to, IgM1 and IgM2.

The term “heavy chain” as used herein refers to a polypeptide comprisingat least a heavy chain variable region, with or without a leadersequence. In some embodiments, a heavy chain comprises at least aportion of a heavy chain constant region. The term “full-length heavychain” as used herein refers to a polypeptide comprising a heavy chainvariable region and a heavy chain constant region, with or without aleader sequence.

The term “light chain variable region” as used herein refers to a regioncomprising at least three light chain CDRs. In some embodiments, thelight chain variable region includes the three CDRs and at least FR2 andFR3. In some embodiments, the light chain variable region includes atleast light chain LCR1, framework (FR) 2, LCD2, FR3, and LCD3. Forexample, a light chain variable region may comprise light chain CDR1,framework (FR) 2, CDR2, FR3, and CDR3. In some embodiments, a lightchain variable region also comprises at least a portion of an FR1 and/orat least a portion of an FR4.

The term “light chain constant region” as used herein refers to a regioncomprising a light chain constant domain, C_(L). Nonlimiting exemplarylight chain constant regions include λ and κ. Of course,non-function-altering deletions and alterations within the domains areencompassed within the scope of the term “light chain constant region,”unless designated otherwise.

The term “light chain” as used herein refers to a polypeptide comprisingat least a light chain variable region, with or without a leadersequence. In some embodiments, a light chain comprises at least aportion of a light chain constant region. The term “full-length lightchain” as used herein refers to a polypeptide comprising a light chainvariable region and a light chain constant region, with or without aleader sequence.

An “acceptor human framework” for the purposes herein is a frameworkcomprising the amino acid sequence of a light chain variable domain(V_(L)) framework or a heavy chain variable domain (V_(H)) frameworkderived from a human immunoglobulin framework or a human consensusframework, as defined below. An acceptor human framework derived from ahuman immunoglobulin framework or a human consensus framework cancomprise the same amino acid sequence thereof, or it can contain aminoacid sequence changes. In some embodiments, the number of amino acidchanges are 10 or less, 9 or less, 8 or less, 7 or less, 6 or less, 5 orless, 4 or less, 3 or less, or 2 or less. In some embodiments, the V_(L)acceptor human framework is identical in sequence to the V_(L) humanimmunoglobulin framework sequence or human consensus framework sequence.

“Affinity” refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalentinteractions between a single binding site of a molecule (for example,an antibody) and its binding partner (for example, an antigen). Theaffinity of a molecule X for its partner Y can generally be representedby the dissociation constant (K_(D)). Affinity can be measured by commonmethods known in the art (such as, for example, ELISA K_(D), KinExA,bio-layer interferometry (BLI), and/or surface plasmon resonance devices(such as a BIAcore® device), including those described herein).

The term “K_(D)”, as used herein, refers to the equilibrium dissociationconstant of an antibody-antigen interaction.

In some embodiments, the “K_(D),” “K_(d),” “Kd” or “Kd value” of theantibody is measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays using aBIACORE®-2000 or a BIACORE®-3000 (BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.) at25° C. with immobilized antigen CM5 chips at ˜10 response units (RU).Briefly, carboxymethylated dextran biosensor chips (CM5, BIACORE, Inc.)are activated with N-ethyl-N′-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimidehydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) according to thesupplier's instructions. Antigen is diluted with 10 mM sodium acetate,pH 4.8, to 5 μg/ml (˜0.2 μM) before injection at a flow rate of 5μL/minute to achieve approximately 10 response units (RU) of coupledprotein. Following the injection of antigen, 1 M ethanolamine isinjected to block unreacted groups. For kinetics measurements, serialdilutions of polypeptide, for example, full length antibody, areinjected in PBS with 0.05% TWEEN-20™ surfactant (PBST) at 25° C. at aflow rate of approximately 25 μL/min. Association rates (k_(on)) anddissociation rates (k_(off)) are calculated using a simple one-to-oneLangmuir binding model (BIACORE® Evaluation Software version 3.2) bysimultaneously fitting the association and dissociation sensorgrams. Theequilibrium dissociation constant (K_(d)) is calculated as the ratiok_(off)/k_(on). See, for example, Chen et al., J. Mol. Biol. 293:865-881(1999). If the on-rate exceeds 10⁶ M⁻¹s⁻¹ by the surface plasmonresonance assay above, then the on-rate can be determined by using afluorescent quenching technique that measures the increase or decreasein fluorescence emission intensity (excitation=295 nm; emission=340 nm,16 nm band-pass) at 25° C. of a 20 nM anti-antigen antibody in PBS, pH7.2, in the presence of increasing concentrations of antigen as measuredin a spectrometer, such as a stop-flow equipped spectrophometer (AvivInstruments) or a 8000-series SLM-AMINCO™ spectrophotometer(ThermoSpectronic) with a stirred cuvette.

In some embodiments, the difference between said two values (forexample, Ct values) is substantially the same, for example, less thanabout 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about20%, and/or less than about 10% as a function of thereference/comparator value.

In some embodiments, the difference between said two values (forexample, Ct values) is substantially different, for example, greaterthan about 10%, greater than about 20%, greater than about 30%, greaterthan about 40%, and/or greater than about 50% as a function of the valuefor the reference/comparator molecule.

“Surface plasmon resonance” denotes an optical phenomenon that allowsfor the analysis of real-time biospecific interactions by detection ofalterations in protein concentrations within a biosensor matrix, forexample using the BIAcore™ system (BIAcore International AB, a GEHealthcare company, Uppsala, Sweden and Piscataway, N.J.). For furtherdescriptions, see Jonsson et al. (1993) Ann. Biol. Clin. 51:19-26.

“Biolayer interferometry” refers to an optical analytical technique thatanalyzes the interference pattern of light reflected from a layer ofimmobilized protein on a biosensor tip and an internal reference layer.Changes in the number of molecules bound to the biosensor tip causeshifts in the interference pattern that can be measured in real-time. Anonlimiting exemplary device for biolayer interferometry is ForteBioOctet® RED96 system (Pall Corporation). See, e.g., Abdiche et al., 2008,Anal. Biochem. 377: 209-277.

The term “k_(on)”, as used herein, refers to the rate constant forassociation of an antibody to an antigen. Specifically, the rateconstants (k_(on) and k_(off)) and equilibrium dissociation constantsare measured using IgGs (bivalent) with monovalent ICOS antigen.“K_(on)”, “k_(on)”, “association rate constant”, or “ka”, are usedinterchangeably herein. The value indicates the binding rate of abinding protein to its target antigen or the rate of complex formationbetween an antibody and antigen, shown by the equation:

Antibody(“Ab”)+Antigen(“Ag”)→Ab−Ag.

The term “k_(off)”, as used herein, refers to the rate constant fordissociation of an antibody from the antibody/antigen complex. k_(off)is also denoted as “K_(off)” or the “dissociation rate constant”. Thisvalue indicates the dissociation rate of an antibody from its targetantigen or separation of Ab−Ag complex over time into free antibody andantigen as shown by the equation:

Ab+Ag←Ab−Ag

The term “biological activity” refers to any one or more biologicalproperties of a molecule (whether present naturally as found in vivo, orprovided or enabled by recombinant means). Biological propertiesinclude, but are not limited to, binding a receptor, inducing cellproliferation, inhibiting cell growth, inducing other cytokines,inducing apoptosis, and enzymatic activity. In some embodiments,biological activity of an ICOS protein includes, for example,costimulation of T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion associatedwith Th1 and Th2 cells; modulation of Treg cells; effects on T celldifferentiation including modulation of transcription factor geneexpression; induction of signaling through PI3K and AKT pathways; andmediating ADCC.

An “affinity matured” antibody refers to an antibody with one or morealterations in one or more CDRs compared to a parent antibody which doesnot possess such alterations, such alterations resulting in animprovement in the affinity of the antibody for antigen.

A “chimeric antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody in which aportion of the heavy and/or light chain is derived from a particularsource or species, while at least a part of the remainder of the heavyand/or light chain is derived from a different source or species. Insome embodiments, a chimeric antibody refers to an antibody comprisingat least one variable region from a first species (such as mouse, rat,cynomolgus monkey, etc.) and at least one constant region from a secondspecies (such as human, cynomolgus monkey, etc.). In some embodiments, achimeric antibody comprises at least one mouse variable region and atleast one human constant region. In some embodiments, a chimericantibody comprises at least one cynomolgus variable region and at leastone human constant region. In some embodiments, all of the variableregions of a chimeric antibody are from a first species and all of theconstant regions of the chimeric antibody are from a second species. Thechimeric construct can also be a functional fragment, as noted above.

A “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody in which atleast one amino acid in a framework region of a non-human variableregion has been replaced with the corresponding amino acid from a humanvariable region. In some embodiments, a humanized antibody comprises atleast one human constant region or fragment thereof. In someembodiments, a humanized antibody is an antibody fragment, such as Fab,an scFv, a (Fab)₂, etc. The term humanized also denotes forms ofnon-human (for example, murine) antibodies that are chimericimmunoglobulins, immunoglobulin chains, or fragments thereof (such asFv, Fab, Fab′, F(ab′)₂ or other antigen-binding subsequences ofantibodies) that contain minimal sequence of non-human immunoglobulin.Humanized antibodies can include human immunoglobulins (recipientantibody) in which residues from a complementary determining region(CDR) of the recipient are substituted by residues from a CDR of anon-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, or rabbit havingthe desired specificity, affinity, and capacity. In some instances, Fvframework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replacedby corresponding non-human residues. Furthermore, the humanized antibodycan comprise residues that are found neither in the recipient antibodynor in the imported CDR or framework sequences, but are included tofurther refine and optimize antibody performance. In general, thehumanized antibody can comprise substantially all of at least one, andtypically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all ofthe CDR regions correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin andall or substantially all of the FR regions are those of a humanimmunoglobulin consensus sequence. In some embodiments, the humanizedantibody can also comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulinconstant region or domain (Fc), typically that of a humanimmunoglobulin. Other forms of humanized antibodies have one or moreCDRs (CDR L1, CDR L2, CDR L3, CDR H1, CDR H2, and/or CDR H3) which arealtered with respect to the original antibody, which are also termed oneor more CDRs “derived from” one or more CDRs from the original antibody.As will be appreciated, a humanized sequence can be identified by itsprimary sequence and does not necessarily denote the process by whichthe antibody was created.

A “CDR-grafted antibody” as used herein refers to a humanized antibodyin which one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) of afirst (non-human) species have been grafted onto the framework regions(FRs) of a second (human) species.

A “human antibody” as used herein encompasses antibodies produced inhumans, antibodies produced in non-human animals that comprise humanimmunoglobulin genes, such as XenoMouse® mice, and antibodies selectedusing in vitro methods, such as phage display (Vaughan et al., 1996,Nature Biotechnology, 14:309-314; Sheets et al., 1998, Proc. Natl. Acad.Sci. (USA) 95:6157-6162; Hoogenboom and Winter, 1991, J. Mol. Biol.,227:381; Marks et al., 1991, J. Mol. Biol., 222:581), wherein theantibody repertoire is based on a human immunoglobulin sequence. Theterm “human antibody” denotes the genus of sequences that are humansequences. Thus, the term is not designating the process by which theantibody was created, but the genus of sequences that are relevant.

A “functional Fc region” possesses an “effector function” of a nativesequence Fc region. Exemplary “effector functions” include Fc receptorbinding; C1q binding; CDC; ADCC; phagocytosis; down regulation of cellsurface receptors (for example B cell receptor; BCR), etc. Such effectorfunctions generally require the Fc region to be combined with a bindingdomain (for example, an antibody variable domain) and can be assessedusing various assays.

A “native sequence Fc region” comprises an amino acid sequence identicalto the amino acid sequence of an Fc region found in nature. Nativesequence human Fc regions include a native sequence human IgG1 Fc region(non-A and A allotypes); native sequence human IgG2 Fc region; nativesequence human IgG3 Fc region; and native sequence human IgG4 Fc regionas well as naturally occurring variants thereof.

A “variant Fc region” comprises an amino acid sequence which differsfrom that of a native sequence Fc region by virtue of at least one aminoacid modification. In some embodiments, a “variant Fc region” comprisesan amino acid sequence which differs from that of a native sequence Fcregion by virtue of at least one amino acid modification, yet retains atleast one effector function of the native sequence Fc region. In someembodiments, the variant Fc region has at least one amino acidsubstitution compared to a native sequence Fc region or to the Fc regionof a parent polypeptide, for example, from about one to about ten aminoacid substitutions, and preferably, from about one to about five aminoacid substitutions in a native sequence Fc region or in the Fc region ofthe parent polypeptide. In some embodiments, the variant Fc regionherein will possess at least about 80% sequence identity with a nativesequence Fc region and/or with an Fc region of a parent polypeptide, atleast about 90% sequence identity therewith, at least about 95%, atleast about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at leastabout 99% sequence identity therewith.

“Fe receptor” or “FcR” describes a receptor that binds to the Fc regionof an antibody. In some embodiments, an FcγR is a native human FcR. Insome embodiments, an FcR is one which binds an IgG antibody (a gammareceptor) and includes receptors of the FcγRI, FcγRII, and FcγRIIIsubclasses, including allelic variants and alternatively spliced formsof those receptors. FcγRII receptors include FcγRIIA (an “activatingreceptor”) and FcγRIIB (an “inhibiting receptor”), which have similaramino acid sequences that differ primarily in the cytoplasmic domainsthereof. Activating receptor FcγRIIA contains an immunoreceptortyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) in its cytoplasmic domainInhibiting receptor FcγRIIB contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-basedinhibition motif (ITIM) in its cytoplasmic domain. (see, for example,Daeron, Annu. Rev. Immunol. 15:203-234 (1997)). FcRs are reviewed, forexample, in Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92 (1991); Capelet al., Immunomethods 4:25-34 (1994); and de Haas et al., J. Lab. Clin.Med. 126:330-41 (1995). Other FcRs, including those to be identified inthe future, are encompassed by the term “FcR” herein.

The term “Fe receptor” or “FcR” also includes the neonatal receptor,FcRn, which is responsible for the transfer of maternal IgGs to thefetus (Guyer et al., J. Immunol. 117:587 (1976) and Kim et al., J.Immunol. 24:249 (1994)) and regulation of homeostasis ofimmunoglobulins. Methods of measuring binding to FcRn are known (see,for example, Ghetie and Ward., Immunol. Today 18(12):592-598 (1997);Ghetie et al., Nature Biotechnology, 15(7):637-640 (1997); Hinton etal., J. Biol. Chem. 279(8):6213-6216 (2004); WO 2004/92219 (Hinton etal.).

“Effector functions” refer to biological activities attributable to theFc region of an antibody, which vary with the antibody isotype. Examplesof antibody effector functions include: Clq binding and complementdependent cytotoxicity (CDC); Fc receptor binding; antibody-dependentcell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC); phagocytosis; down regulation of cellsurface receptors (for example B cell receptor); and B cell activation.

“Human effector cells” are leukocytes which express one or more FcRs andperform effector functions. In some embodiments, the cells express atleast FcγRIII and perform ADCC effector function(s). Examples of humanleukocytes which mediate ADCC include peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMC), natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, cytotoxic T cells, andneutrophils. The effector cells may be isolated from a native source,for example, from blood.

“Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity” or “ADCC” refers to aform of cytotoxicity in which secreted Ig bound onto Fc receptors (FcRs)present on certain cytotoxic cells (for example NK cells, neutrophils,and macrophages) enable these cytotoxic effector cells to bindspecifically to an antigen-bearing target cell and subsequently kill thetarget cell with cytotoxins. The primary cells for mediating ADCC, NKcells, express FcγRIII only, whereas monocytes express FcγRI, FcγRII,and FcγRIII FcR expression on hematopoietic cells is summarized in Table3 on page 464 of Ravetch and Kinet, Annu. Rev. Immunol 9:457-92 (1991).To assess ADCC activity of a molecule of interest, an in vitro ADCCassay, such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337 orU.S. Pat. No. 6,737,056 (Presta), may be performed. Useful effectorcells for such assays include PBMC and NK cells. Alternatively, oradditionally, ADCC activity of the molecule of interest may be assessedin vivo, for example, in an animal model such as that disclosed inClynes et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 95:652-656 (1998). Additionalpolypeptide variants with altered Fc region amino acid sequences(polypeptides with a variant Fc region) and increased or decreased ADCCactivity are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,923,538, andU.S. Pat. No. 7,994,290.

“Complement dependent cytotoxicity” or “CDC” refers to the lysis of atarget cell in the presence of complement. Activation of the classicalcomplement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component ofthe complement system (Clq) to antibodies (of the appropriate subclass),which are bound to their cognate antigen. To assess complementactivation, a CDC assay, for example, as described in Gazzano-Santoro etal., J. Immunol. Methods 202:163 (1996), may be performed. Polypeptidevariants with altered Fc region amino acid sequences (polypeptides witha variant Fc region) and increased or decreased C1q binding capabilityare described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 6,194,551 B1, U.S. Pat. No.7,923,538, U.S. Pat. No. 7,994,290 and WO 1999/51642. See also, forexample, Idusogie et al., J. Immunol. 164: 4178-4184 (2000).

A polypeptide variant with “altered” FcR binding affinity or ADCCactivity is one which has either enhanced or diminished FcR bindingactivity and/or ADCC activity compared to a parent polypeptide or to apolypeptide comprising a native sequence Fc region. The polypeptidevariant which “displays increased binding” to an FcR binds at least oneFcR with better affinity than the parent polypeptide. The polypeptidevariant which “displays decreased binding” to an FcR, binds at least oneFcR with lower affinity than a parent polypeptide. Such variants whichdisplay decreased binding to an FcR may possess little or no appreciablebinding to an FcR, for example, 0-20% binding to the FcR compared to anative sequence IgG Fc region.

The polypeptide variant which “mediates antibody-dependent cell-mediatedcytotoxicity (ADCC) in the presence of human effector cells moreeffectively” than a parent antibody is one which in vitro or in vivo ismore effective at mediating ADCC, when the amounts of polypeptidevariant and parent antibody used in the assay are essentially the same.Generally, such variants will be identified using the in vitro ADCCassay as herein disclosed, but other assays or methods for determiningADCC activity, for example in an animal model etc., are contemplated.

The term “substantially similar” or “substantially the same,” as usedherein, denotes a sufficiently high degree of similarity between two ormore numeric values such that one of skill in the art would consider thedifference between the two or more values to be of little or nobiological and/or statistical significance within the context of thebiological characteristic measured by said value. In some embodimentsthe two or more substantially similar values differ by no more thanabout any one of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or 50%.

The phrase “substantially different,” as used herein, denotes asufficiently high degree of difference between two numeric values suchthat one of skill in the art would consider the difference between thetwo values to be of statistical significance within the context of thebiological characteristic measured by said values. In some embodiments,the two substantially different numeric values differ by greater thanabout any one of 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%,90%, or 100%.

The phrase “substantially reduced,” as used herein, denotes asufficiently high degree of reduction between a numeric value and areference numeric value such that one of skill in the art would considerthe difference between the two values to be of statistical significancewithin the context of the biological characteristic measured by saidvalues. In some embodiments, the substantially reduced numeric values isreduced by greater than about any one of 10%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%,45%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 100% compared to the reference value.

The term “leader sequence” refers to a sequence of amino acid residueslocated at the N-terminus of a polypeptide that facilitates secretion ofa polypeptide from a mammalian cell. A leader sequence can be cleavedupon export of the polypeptide from the mammalian cell, forming a matureprotein. Leader sequences can be natural or synthetic, and they can beheterologous or homologous to the protein to which they are attached.

A “native sequence” polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having the sameamino acid sequence as a polypeptide found in nature. Thus, a nativesequence polypeptide can have the amino acid sequence of naturallyoccurring polypeptide from any mammal. Such native sequence polypeptidecan be isolated from nature or can be produced by recombinant orsynthetic means. The term “native sequence” polypeptide specificallyencompasses naturally occurring truncated or secreted forms of thepolypeptide (for example, an extracellular domain sequence), naturallyoccurring variant forms (for example, alternatively spliced forms) andnaturally occurring allelic variants of the polypeptide.

A polypeptide “variant” means a biologically active polypeptide havingat least about 80% amino acid sequence identity with the native sequencepolypeptide after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, ifnecessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and notconsidering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequenceidentity. Such variants include, for instance, polypeptides wherein oneor more amino acid residues are added, or deleted, at the N- orC-terminus of the polypeptide. In some embodiments, a variant will haveat least about 80% amino acid sequence identity. In some embodiments, avariant will have at least about 90% amino acid sequence identity. Insome embodiments, a variant will have at least about 95% amino acidsequence identity with the native sequence polypeptide.

As used herein, “Percent (%) amino acid sequence identity” and“homology” with respect to a peptide, polypeptide or antibody sequenceare defined as the percentage of amino acid residues in a candidatesequence that are identical with the amino acid residues in the specificpeptide or polypeptide sequence, after aligning the sequences andintroducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequenceidentity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part ofthe sequence identity. Alignment for purposes of determining percentamino acid sequence identity can be achieved in various ways that arewithin the skill in the art, for instance, using publicly availablecomputer software such as BLAST, BLAST-2, ALIGN or MEGALIGN™ (DNASTAR)software. Those skilled in the art can determine appropriate parametersfor measuring alignment, including any algorithms needed to achievemaximal alignment over the full length of the sequences being compared.

An amino acid substitution may include but are not limited to thereplacement of one amino acid in a polypeptide with another amino acid.Exemplary substitutions are shown in Table 1. Amino acid substitutionsmay be introduced into an antibody of interest and the products screenedfor a desired activity, for example, retained/improved antigen binding,decreased immunogenicity, or improved ADCC or CDC.

TABLE 1 Original Residue Exemplary Substitutions Ala (A) Val; Leu; IleArg (R) Lys; Gln; Asn Asn (N) Gln; His; Asp, Lys; Arg Asp (D) Glu; AsnCys (C) Ser; Ala Gln (Q) Asn; Glu Glu (E) Asp; Gln Gly (G) Ala His (H)Asn; Gln; Lys; Arg Ile (I) Leu; Val; Met; Ala; Phe; Norleucine Leu (L)Norleucine; Ile; Val; Met; Ala; Phe Lys (K) Arg; Gln; Asn Met (M) Leu;Phe; Ile Phe (F) Trp; Leu; Val; Ile; Ala; Tyr Pro (P) Ala Ser (S) ThrThr (T) Val; Ser Trp (W) Tyr; Phe Tyr (Y) Trp; Phe; Thr; Ser Val (V)Ile; Leu; Met; Phe; Ala; Norleucine

Amino acids may be grouped according to common side-chain properties:

-   -   (1) hydrophobic: Norleucine, Met, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile;    -   (2) neutral hydrophilic: Cys, Ser, Thr, Asn, Gln;    -   (3) acidic: Asp, Glu;    -   (4) basic: His, Lys, Arg;    -   (5) residues that influence chain orientation: Gly, Pro;    -   (6) aromatic: Trp, Tyr, Phe.

Non-conservative substitutions will entail exchanging a member of one ofthese classes for another class.

The term “vector” is used to describe a polynucleotide that can beengineered to contain a cloned polynucleotide or polynucleotides thatcan be propagated in a host cell. A vector can include one or more ofthe following elements: an origin of replication, one or more regulatorysequences (such as, for example, promoters and/or enhancers) thatregulate the expression of the polypeptide of interest, and/or one ormore selectable marker genes (such as, for example, antibioticresistance genes and genes that can be used in colorimetric assays, forexample, β-galactosidase). The term “expression vector” refers to avector that is used to express a polypeptide of interest in a host cell.

A “host cell” refers to a cell that may be or has been a recipient of avector or isolated polynucleotide. Host cells may be prokaryotic cellsor eukaryotic cells. Exemplary eukaryotic cells include mammalian cells,such as primate or non-primate animal cells; fungal cells, such asyeast; plant cells; and insect cells. Nonlimiting exemplary mammaliancells include, but are not limited to, NSO cells, PER.C6® cells(Crucell), and 293 and CHO cells, and their derivatives, such as 293-6Eand DG44 cells, respectively. Host cells include progeny of a singlehost cell, and the progeny may not necessarily be completely identical(in morphology or in genomic DNA complement) to the original parent celldue to natural, accidental, or deliberate mutation. A host cell includescells transfected in vivo with a polynucleotide(s) a provided herein.

The term “isolated” as used herein refers to a molecule that has beenseparated from at least some of the components with which it istypically found in nature or produced. For example, a polypeptide isreferred to as “isolated” when it is separated from at least some of thecomponents of the cell in which it was produced. Where a polypeptide issecreted by a cell after expression, physically separating thesupernatant containing the polypeptide from the cell that produced it isconsidered to be “isolating” the polypeptide. Similarly, apolynucleotide is referred to as “isolated” when it is not part of thelarger polynucleotide (such as, for example, genomic DNA ormitochondrial DNA, in the case of a DNA polynucleotide) in which it istypically found in nature, or is separated from at least some of thecomponents of the cell in which it was produced, for example, in thecase of an RNA polynucleotide. Thus, a DNA polynucleotide that iscontained in a vector inside a host cell may be referred to as“isolated”.

The terms “individual” or “subject” are used interchangeably herein torefer to an animal; for example a mammal. In some embodiments, methodsof treating mammals, including, but not limited to, humans, rodents,simians, felines, canines, equines, bovines, porcines, ovines, caprines,mammalian laboratory animals, mammalian farm animals, mammalian sportanimals, and mammalian pets, are provided. In some examples, an“individual” or “subject” refers to an individual or subject in need oftreatment for a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the subject toreceive the treatment can be a patient, designating the fact that thesubject has been identified as having a disorder of relevance to thetreatment, or being at adequate risk of contracting the disorder.

The term “sample” or “patient sample” as used herein, refers to acomposition that is obtained or derived from a subject of interest thatcontains a cellular and/or other molecular entity that is to becharacterized and/or identified, for example based on physical,biochemical, chemical and/or physiological characteristics. For example,the phrase “disease sample” and variations thereof refers to any sampleobtained from a subject of interest that would be expected or is knownto contain the cellular and/or molecular entity that is to becharacterized. By “tissue or cell sample” is meant a collection ofsimilar cells obtained from a tissue of a subject or patient. The sourceof the tissue or cell sample may be solid tissue as from a fresh, frozenand/or preserved organ or tissue sample or biopsy or aspirate; blood orany blood constituents; bodily fluids such as cerebral spinal fluid,amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid, or interstitial fluid; cells from anytime in gestation or development of the subject. The tissue sample mayalso be primary or cultured cells or cell lines. Optionally, the tissueor cell sample is obtained from a disease tissue/organ. The tissuesample may contain compounds which are not naturally intermixed with thetissue in nature such as preservatives, anticoagulants, buffers,fixatives, nutrients, antibiotics, or the like.

A “reference sample”, “reference cell”, or “reference tissue”, as usedherein, refers to a sample, cell or tissue obtained from a source known,or believed, not to be afflicted with the disease or condition for whicha method or composition of the invention is being used to identify. Insome embodiments, a reference sample, reference cell or reference tissueis obtained from a healthy part of the body of the same subject orpatient in whom a disease or condition is being identified using acomposition or method of the invention. In some embodiments, a referencesample, reference cell or reference tissue is obtained from a healthypart of the body of one or more individuals who are not the subject orpatient in whom a disease or condition is being identified using acomposition or method of the invention.

A “disease” or “disorder” as used herein refers to a condition wheretreatment is needed and/or desired.

“Cancer” and “tumor,” as used herein, are interchangeable terms thatrefer to any abnormal cell or tissue growth or proliferation in ananimal. As used herein, the terms “cancer” and “tumor” encompass solidand hematological/lymphatic cancers and also encompass malignant,pre-malignant, and benign growth, such as dysplasia. Examples of cancerinclude but are not limited to, carcinoma, lymphoma, blastoma, sarcoma,and leukemia. More particular non-limiting examples of such cancersinclude squamous cell cancer, small-cell lung cancer, pituitary cancer,esophageal cancer, astrocytoma, soft tissue sarcoma, non-small cell lungcancer, adenocarcinoma of the lung, squamous carcinoma of the lung,cancer of the peritoneum, hepatocellular cancer, gastrointestinalcancer, pancreatic cancer, glioblastoma, cervical cancer, ovariancancer, liver cancer, bladder cancer, hepatoma, breast cancer, coloncancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial or uterine carcinoma (includinguterine corpus endometrial carcinoma), salivary gland carcinoma, kidneycancer, renal cancer, liver cancer, prostate cancer, vulval cancer,thyroid cancer, hepatic carcinoma, brain cancer, testis cancer,cholangiocarcinoma, gallbladder carcinoma, gastric cancer, melanoma, andvarious types of head and neck cancer.

As used herein, “treatment” is an approach for obtaining beneficial ordesired clinical results. “Treatment” as used herein, covers anyadministration or application of a therapeutic for disease in a mammal,including a human. For purposes of this disclosure, beneficial ordesired clinical results include, but are not limited to, any one ormore of: alleviation of one or more symptoms, diminishment of extent ofdisease, preventing or delaying spread (for example, metastasis, forexample metastasis to the lung or to the lymph node) of disease,preventing or delaying recurrence of disease, delay or slowing ofdisease progression, amelioration of the disease state, inhibiting thedisease or progression of the disease, inhibiting or slowing the diseaseor its progression, arresting its development, and remission (whetherpartial or total). Also encompassed by “treatment” is a reduction ofpathological consequence of a proliferative disease. The methodsprovided herein contemplate any one or more of these aspects oftreatment. In-line with the above, the term treatment does not requireone-hundred percent removal of all aspects of the disorder.

“Ameliorating” means a lessening or improvement of one or more symptomsas compared to not administering an anti-ICOS antibody. “Ameliorating”also includes shortening or reduction in duration of a symptom.

In the context of cancer, the term “treating” includes any or all of:inhibiting growth of cancer cells, inhibiting replication of cancercells, lessening of overall tumor burden and ameliorating one or moresymptoms associated with the disease.

The term “biological sample” means a quantity of a substance from aliving thing or formerly living thing. Such substances include, but arenot limited to, blood, (for example, whole blood), plasma, serum, urine,amniotic fluid, synovial fluid, endothelial cells, leukocytes,monocytes, other cells, organs, tissues, bone marrow, lymph nodes andspleen.

A sample that has an “elevated level of ICOS” or “expresses ICOS at anelevated level” or is “ICOS^(HIGH)” means, in some embodiments, that thelevel of ICOS that is such that one of skill in the art would concludethat the cancer may be treatable with an anti-ICOS therapy, such as anantibody provided herein. In some embodiments, an “elevated level ofICOS” is one in which 1% of the cells within a tumor sample showstaining for ICOS. In some embodiments a “high level” in regard to ICOSis 1% or more staining, for example, 1, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,80, 90, or 100% of the cells within the tumor sample show staining. Insome embodiments, the ICOS levels can be measured by chromogenic IHC orimmunofluorescence IHC (Aqua scoring).

A sample that “expresses ICOS” or has “positive staining for ICOS” or is“ICOS positive” means, in some embodiments, that 1% or more of the cellsin a sample show staining for ICOS. In some embodiments, a sample thatis ICOS positive displays at least weak, moderate, and/or strong cellstaining (based on membrane expression of ICOS). A sample with moderateor strong cell staining for ICOS is also considered to be “ICOS^(HIGH).”

A sample that has a “low level of PD-L1” or expresses “PD-L1 at a lowlevel” or is “PD-L1^(LOW)” means that the level of PD-L1 is below thethreshold level of expression for a cancer that is normally indicatedfor treatment with a PD-1 therapy. In some embodiments, a “low level ofPD-L1” is one in which less than 5% of the cells in the tumor showmembrane staining for PD-L1. In some embodiments a “low level” in regardto PD-L1 is less than 5% staining, for example, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% ofthe cells of the tumor show staining. In some embodiments, the PD-L1levels can be measured by chromogenic IHC or immunofluorescence IHC(Aqua scoring). A sample that expresses no detectable PD-L1 can also besaid to “express a low level of PD-L1.” Thus, no detectable PD-L1 isencompassed within the term “low.”

A sample that has an “elevated level of PD-L1” or “expresses PD-L1 at anelevated level” or is “PD-L1^(HIGH)” means that the level of PD-L1 thatis such that one of skill in the art would conclude that the cancer maybe treatable with a PD-1 therapy. In some embodiments, an “elevatedlevel of PD-L1” is one in which 5% of the cells in the tumor or morehave membrane staining of PD-L1. In some embodiments a “high level” inregard to PD-L1 is 5% or more staining, for example, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40,50, 60, 70, 80, 90, or 100% of the cells of the tumor show staining. Insome embodiments, the PD-L1 levels can be measured by chromogenic IHC orimmunofluorescence IHC (Aqua scoring).

A sample that “expresses PD-L1” or has “positive staining for PD-L1” oris “PD-L1 positive” means that 1% or more of the cells have membranestaining for PD-L1. In some embodiments, a sample that is PD-L1 positivedisplays at least weak, moderate, and/or strong cell staining (based onmembrane expression of PD-L1). A sample with moderate or strong cellstaining for PD-L1 is also considered to be “PD-L1^(HIGH).”

A sample that “lacks PD-L1 expression” or has “negative staining forPD-L1” or is “PD-L1 negative” means that PD-L1 expression on the surfaceof cells of the sample is undetectable by IHC, such as chromogenic IHCor immunofluorescence IHC (Aqua scoring). A PD-L1 negative sample isalso be considered to be “PD-L1^(LOW).”

In some embodiments, any method for measuring the level of PD-L1 can beemployed. In some embodiments, this can include using the PD-L1 IHC 22C3pharmDx test (Dako Inc., Carpinteria, Calif.), which is a clinicallyvalidated and FDA approved test for evaluation of PD-L1 expression inNSCLC. PD-L1 IHC 22C3 pharmDx is a qualitative immunohistochemical assayusing monoclonal mouse anti-PD-L1 antibody, (clone 22C3), that can beused in the detection of PD-L1 protein in formalin-fixedparaffin-embedded (FFPE) Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) tissues. Theassay can be performed on Autostainer Link 48 system and visualizedusing the EnVision FLEX system. PD-L1 protein expression is qualifiedusing Tumor Proportion Score (TPS), which is the percentage of viabletumor cells showing partial or complete membrane staining. In someembodiments, the specimen is considered PD-L1 positive if TPS≥50% of theviable tumor cells exhibit membrane staining at any intensity. PD-L1 IHC22C3 pharmDx is indicated as an aid in identifying NSCLC patients fortreatment with KEYTRUDA® (pembrolizumab). Additional details on thescoring system and response to pembrolizumab are described in thearticle by Garon et al. (N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2018-28). In someembodiments, NSCLC patient specimens can be considered positive forPD-L1 expression if Tumor Proportion Score is ≥50% of the of viabletumor cells exhibit membrane staining (partial or complete) at anyintensity (i.e. ≥1+). In some embodiments, this can be in specificregard to antibody clone 22C3. In some embodiments, if TPS=5% to 50% ofthe viable tumor cells exhibit membrane staining at any intensity, thesample and/or patient is considered to be PD-L1 positive. In someembodiments, if TPS≥50% of the viable tumor cells exhibit membranestaining at any intensity, the sample and/or patient is considered to bePD-L1^(HIGH).

The terms “microsatellite instability high” and “MSI-high” refer tocancer comprising genetic instability (e.g., an expansion or reductionin the length of the microsatellites) in 2 or more of the 5 markers(loci): BAT25, BAT26, D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250, as determined by PCRanalysis. See, e.g., Boland et al., 1998, Cancer Res. 58: 5248-5257.

The terms “microsatellite instability low” and “MSI-low” refer to cancercomprising genetic instability (e.g., an expansion or reduction in thelength of the microsatellites) in 1 of the 5 markers (loci): BAT25,BAT26, D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250, as determined by PCR analysis. See,e.g., Boland et al., 1998, Cancer Res. 58: 5248-5257.

The terms “microsatellite instability positive” and “MSI-positive” referto tumors that are MSI-high or MSI-low. A cancer is also considered tobe MSI-positive if one or more mismatch repair proteins selected fromMLH1, MSH2, PMS2, and MSH6 are absent by immunohistochemistry (IHC).

The terms “microsatellite stable” and “MSS” refer to cancer comprisinggenetic instability (e.g., an expansion or reduction in the length ofthe microsatellites) in none of the 5 markers (loci): BAT25, BAT26,D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250, as determined by PCR analysis. See, e.g.,Boland et al., 1998, Cancer Res. 58: 5248-5257.

The term “control” refers to a composition known to not contain ananalyte (“negative control”) or to contain analyte (“positive control”).A positive control can comprise a known concentration of analyte.“Control,” “positive control,” and “calibrator” may be usedinterchangeably herein to refer to a composition comprising a knownconcentration of analyte. A “positive control” can be used to establishassay performance characteristics and is a useful indicator of theintegrity of reagents (for example, analytes).

“Predetermined cutoff” and “predetermined level” refer generally to anassay cutoff value that is used to assessdiagnostic/prognostic/therapeutic efficacy results by comparing theassay results against the predetermined cutoff/level, where thepredetermined cutoff/level already has been linked or associated withvarious clinical parameters (for example, severity of disease,progression/nonprogression/improvement, etc.). While the presentdisclosure may provide exemplary predetermined levels, it is well-knownthat cutoff values may vary depending on the nature of the immunoassay(for example, antibodies employed, etc.). It further is well within theskill of one of ordinary skill in the art to adapt the disclosure hereinfor other immunoassays to obtain immunoassay-specific cutoff values forthose other immunoassays based on this disclosure. Whereas the precisevalue of the predetermined cutoff/level may vary between assays,correlations as described herein (if any) may be generally applicable.

The terms “inhibition” or “inhibit” refer to a decrease or cessation ofany phenotypic characteristic or to the decrease or cessation in theincidence, degree, or likelihood of that characteristic. To “reduce” or“inhibit” is to decrease, reduce or arrest an activity, function, and/oramount as compared to a reference. In some embodiments, by “reduce” or“inhibit” is meant the ability to cause an overall decrease of 20% orgreater. In some embodiments, by “reduce” or “inhibit” is meant theability to cause an overall decrease of 50% or greater. In someembodiments, by “reduce” or “inhibit” is meant the ability to cause anoverall decrease of 75%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or greater. In some embodiments,the amount noted above is inhibited or decreased over a period of time,relative to a control dose (such as a placebo) over the same period oftime. A “reference” as used herein, refers to any sample, standard, orlevel that is used for comparison purposes. A reference may be obtainedfrom a healthy and/or non-diseased sample. In some examples, a referencemay be obtained from an untreated sample. In some examples, a referenceis obtained from a non-diseased on non-treated sample of a subjectindividual. In some examples, a reference is obtained from one or morehealthy individuals who are not the subject or patient.

As used herein, “delaying development of a disease” means to defer,hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, suppress and/or postpone development ofthe disease (such as cancer). This delay can be of varying lengths oftime, depending on the history of the disease and/or individual beingtreated. As is evident to one skilled in the art, a sufficient orsignificant delay can, in effect, encompass prevention, in that theindividual does not develop the disease. For example, a late stagecancer, such as development of metastasis, may be delayed.

“Preventing,” as used herein, includes providing prophylaxis withrespect to the occurrence or recurrence of a disease in a subject thatmay be predisposed to the disease but has not yet been diagnosed withthe disease. Unless otherwise specified, the terms “reduce”, “inhibit”,or “prevent” do not denote or require complete prevention over all time.

As used herein, to “suppress” a function or activity is to reduce thefunction or activity when compared to otherwise same conditions exceptfor a condition or parameter of interest, or alternatively, as comparedto another condition. For example, an antibody which suppresses tumorgrowth reduces the rate of growth of the tumor compared to the rate ofgrowth of the tumor in the absence of the antibody.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a substance/molecule, agonist orantagonist may vary according to factors such as the disease state, age,sex, and weight of the individual, and the ability of thesubstance/molecule, agonist or antagonist to elicit a desired responsein the individual. A therapeutically effective amount is also one inwhich any toxic or detrimental effects of the substance/molecule,agonist or antagonist are outweighed by the therapeutically beneficialeffects. A therapeutically effective amount may be delivered in one ormore administrations. A therapeutically effective amount refers to anamount effective, at dosages and for periods of time necessary, toachieve the desired therapeutic and/or prophylactic result.

A “prophylactically effective amount” refers to an amount effective, atdosages and for periods of time necessary, to achieve the desiredprophylactic result. Typically but not necessarily, since a prophylacticdose is used in subjects prior to or at an earlier stage of disease, theprophylactically effective amount will be less than the therapeuticallyeffective amount.

The terms “pharmaceutical formulation” and “pharmaceutical composition”refer to a preparation which is in such form as to permit the biologicalactivity of the active ingredient(s) to be effective, and which containsno additional components which are unacceptably toxic to a subject towhich the formulation would be administered. Such formulations may besterile.

A “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to a non-toxic solid,semisolid, or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material,formulation auxiliary, or carrier conventional in the art for use with atherapeutic agent that together comprise a “pharmaceutical composition”for administration to a subject. A pharmaceutically acceptable carrieris non-toxic to recipients at the dosages and concentrations employedand is compatible with other ingredients of the formulation. Thepharmaceutically acceptable carrier is appropriate for the formulationemployed.

A “sterile” formulation is aseptic or essentially free from livingmicroorganisms and their spores.

A “PD-1 therapy” encompasses any therapy that modulates PD-1 binding toPD-L1 and/or PD-L2. PD-1 therapies may, for example, directly interactwith PD-1 and/or PD-L1. In some embodiments, a PD-1 therapy includes amolecule that directly binds to and/or influences the activity of PD-1.In some embodiments, a PD-1 therapy includes a molecule that directlybinds to and/or influences the activity of PD-L1. Thus, an antibody thatbinds to PD-1 or PD-L1 and blocks the interaction of PD-1 to PD-L1 is aPD-1 therapeutic. When a desired subtype of PD-1 therapy is intended, itwill be designated by the phrase “PD-1 specific” for a therapy involvinga molecule that interacts directly with PD-1, or “PD-L1 specific” for amolecule that interacts directly with PD-L1, as appropriate. Unlessdesignated otherwise, all disclosure contained herein regarding PD-1therapy applies to PD-1 therapy generally, as well as PD-1 specificand/or PD-L1 specific therapies. Nonlimiting exemplary PD-1 therapiesinclude nivolumab (anti-PD-1 antibody; BMS-936558, MDX-1106, ONO-4538;OPDIVO®; Bristol-Myers Squibb); pidilizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody,CureTech), pembrolizumab (anti-PD-1 antibody; KEYTRUDA®, MK-3475,lambrolizumab); durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody, MEDI-4736;AstraZeneca/MedImmune); RG-7446; MSB-0010718C; AMP-224; BMS-936559 (ananti-PD-L1 antibody; Bristol-Myers Squibb); AMP-514; MDX-1105; ANB-011;anti-LAG-3/PD-1; anti-PD-1 Ab (CoStim); anti-PD-1 Ab (Kadmon Pharm.);anti-PD-1 Ab (Immunovo); anti-TIM-3/PD-1 Ab (AnaptysBio); anti-PD-L1 Ab(CoStim/Novartis); atezolizumab (an anti-PD-L1 antibody,Genentech/Roche); avelumab (an anti-PD-L1 antibody, MSB0010718C,Pfizer); KD-033, PD-1 antagonist (Agenus); STI-A1010; STI-A1110;TSR-042; and other antibodies that are directed against programmeddeath-1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1).

The term “IDO inhibitor” refers to an agent capable of inhibiting theactivity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and thereby reversingIDO-mediated immunosuppression. The IDO inhibitor may inhibit IDO1and/or IDO2 (INDOL1). An IDO inhibitor may be a reversible orirreversible IDO inhibitor. A “reversible IDO inhibitor” is a compoundthat reversibly inhibits IDO enzyme activity either at the catalyticsite or at a non-catalytic site and an “irreversible IDO inhibitor” is acompound that irreversibly inhibits IDO enzyme activity by forming acovalent bond with the enzyme. Nonlimiting exemplary IDO inhibitorsinclude Indoximod (New Link Genetics), INCB024360 (Incyte Corp.),1-methyl-D-tryptophan (New Link Genetics), and GDC-0919 (Genentech).

A “chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy” or “CAR-T therapy” refersto a therapeutic agent comprising a T cell genetically modified toexpress a receptor that recognizes an antigen expressed by tumor cell.The antigen may be an antigen specifically expressed by the tumor or anantigen expressed by both cancerous cells and healthy tissue. In someembodiments CAR-T therapy is adoptive CAR-T therapy, in which a patientsT cells are removed and modified to express the chimeric antigenreceptor, and then returned to the patient. See, e.g., Dai et al., 2016,J Natl Cancer Inst, 108 (7): djv439, doi: 10.1093/jnci/djv439; Gill etal., 2015, Blood Rev, pii: S0268-960X(15)00080-6, doi:10.1016/j.blre.2015.10.003; Gill et al., 2015, Immunol Rev,263(1):68-89. doi: 10.1111/imr.12243.

Administration “in combination with” one or more further therapeuticagents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive or sequentialadministration in any order.

The term “concurrently” is used herein to refer to administration of twoor more therapeutic agents, where at least part of the administrationoverlaps in time or where the administration of one therapeutic agentfalls within a short period of time relative to administration of theother therapeutic agent. For example, the two or more therapeutic agentsare administered with a time separation of no more than about aspecified number of minutes.

The term “sequentially” is used herein to refer to administration of twoor more therapeutic agents where the administration of one or moreagent(s) continues after discontinuing the administration of one or moreother agent(s), or wherein administration of one or more agent(s) beginsbefore the administration of one or more other agent(s). For example,administration of the two or more therapeutic agents are administeredwith a time separation of more than about a specified number of minutes.

As used herein, “in conjunction with” refers to administration of onetreatment modality in addition to another treatment modality. As such,“in conjunction with” refers to administration of one treatment modalitybefore, during or after administration of the other treatment modalityto the individual.

The term “package insert” is used to refer to instructions customarilyincluded in commercial packages of therapeutic products, that containinformation about the indications, usage, dosage, administration,combination therapy, contraindications and/or warnings concerning theuse of such therapeutic products.

An “article of manufacture” is any manufacture (for example, a packageor container) or kit comprising at least one reagent, for example, amedicament for treatment of a disease or disorder (for example, cancer),or a probe for specifically detecting a biomarker described herein. Insome embodiments, the manufacture or kit is promoted, distributed, orsold as a unit for performing the methods described herein.

The terms “label” and “detectable label” mean a moiety attached to apolynucleotide or polypeptide to render a reaction (for example,polynucleotide amplification or antibody binding) detectable. Thepolynucleotide or polypeptide comprising the label may be referred to as“detectably labeled.” Thus, the term “labeled binding protein” refers toa protein with a label incorporated that provides for the identificationof the binding protein. The term “labeled oligonucleotide,” “labeledprimer,” “labeled probe,” etc. refers to a polynucleotide with a labelincorporated that provides for the identification of nucleic acids thatcomprise or are hybridized to the labeled oligonucleotide, primer, orprobe. In some embodiments, the label is a detectable marker that canproduce a signal that is detectable by visual or instrumental means, forexample, incorporation of a radiolabeled amino acid or attachment to apolypeptide of biotinyl moieties that can be detected by marked avidin(for example, streptavidin containing a fluorescent marker or enzymaticactivity that can be detected by optical or colorimetric methods).Examples of labels include, but are not limited to, the following:radioisotopes or radionuclides (for example, ³H, ¹⁴C, ³⁵S, ⁹⁰Y, ⁹⁹Tc,¹¹¹In, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁶⁶Ho, or ¹⁵³Sm); chromogens, fluorescentlabels (for example, FITC, rhodamine, lanthanide phosphors), enzymaticlabels (for example, horseradish peroxidase, luciferase, alkalinephosphatase); chemiluminescent markers; biotinyl groups; predeterminedpolypeptide epitopes recognized by a secondary reporter (for example,leucine zipper pair sequences, binding sites for secondary antibodies,metal binding domains, epitope tags); and magnetic agents, such asgadolinium chelates. Representative examples of labels commonly employedfor immunoassays include moieties that produce light, for example,acridinium compounds, and moieties that produce fluorescence, forexample, fluorescein. In some embodiments, the moiety itself may not bedetectably labeled but may become detectable upon reaction with yetanother moiety.

The term “conjugate” refers to an antibody that is chemically linked toa second chemical moiety, such as a therapeutic or cytotoxic agent. Theterm “agent” includes a chemical compound, a mixture of chemicalcompounds, a biological macromolecule, or an extract made frombiological materials. In some embodiments, the therapeutic or cytotoxicagents include, but are not limited to, pertussis toxin, taxol,cytochalasin B, gramicidin D, ethidium bromide, emetine, mitomycin,etoposide, tenoposide, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicin, doxorubicin,daunorubicin, dihydroxy anthracin dione, mitoxantrone, mithramycin,actinomycin D, 1-dehydrotestosterone, glucocorticoids, procaine,tetracaine, lidocaine, propranolol, and puromycin and analogs orhomologs thereof. When employed in the context of an immunoassay, theconjugate antibody may be a detectably labeled antibody used as thedetection antibody.

The term “amplification” refers to the process of producing one or morecopies of a nucleic acid sequence or its complement. Amplification maybe linear or exponential (e.g., PCR).

The technique of “polymerase chain reaction” or “PCR” as used hereingenerally refers to a procedure wherein a specific region of nucleicacid, such as RNA and/or DNA, is amplified as described, for example, inU.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195. Generally, oligonucleotide primers are designedthe hybridize to opposite strands of the template to be amplified, adesired distance apart. PCR can be used to amplify specific RNAsequences, specific DNA sequences from total genomic DNA, and cDNAtranscribed from total cellular RNA, bacteriophage or plasmid sequences,etc.

“Quantitative real time PCR” or “qRT-PCR” refers to a form of PCRwherein the PCR is performed such that the amounts, or relative amountsof the amplified product can be quantified. This technique has beendescribed in various publications including Cronin et al., Am. J.Pathol. 164(1):35-42 (2004); and Ma et al., Cancer Cell 5:607-616(2004).

The term “target sequence,” “target nucleic acid,” or “target nucleicacid sequence” refers generally to a polynucleotide sequence ofinterest, e.g., a polynucleotide sequence that is targeted foramplification using, for example, qRT-PCR.

The term “detection” includes any means of detecting, including directand indirect detection.

The term “prediction” is used herein to refer to the likelihood that asubject will respond either favorably or unfavorably to a therapeuticagent or combination of therapeutic agents. In some embodiments, theprediction relates to the extent of those responses. In someembodiments, the methods of prediction described herein can be used tomake treatment decisions by choosing the most appropriate treatmentmodalities for a particular subject.

II. Anti-ICOS Antibodies

Antibodies directed against ICOS are provided. Anti-ICOS antibodiesinclude, but are not limited to, humanized antibodies, chimericantibodies, mouse antibodies, human antibodies, and antibodiescomprising the heavy chain and/or light chain CDRs discussed herein. Insome embodiments, an isolated antibody that binds to ICOS is provided.In some embodiments, a monoclonal antibody that binds to ICOS isprovided. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody is an agonistanti-ICOS antibody. In some embodiments, administration of the anti-ICOSantibodies described herein increases the number of Teff cells;activates Teff cells; depletes Treg cells in a subject; and/or increasesthe ratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In some embodiments, the Tregcells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells areCD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− Tcells and CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six CDRs selected from (a) HCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (b) HCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 15; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 16; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six CDRs selected from (a) HCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; (b) HCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 45; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 46; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six CDRs selected from (a) HCDR1 comprising anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 22, 62, 72, 82, 92, 102,and 112; (b) HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQID NOs: 23, 63, 73, 83, 93, 103, and 113; (c) HCDR3 comprising an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 24, 64, 74, 84, 94, 104, and114; (d) LCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs: 25, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, and 115; (e) LCDR2 comprising an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 26, 66, 76, 86, 96, 106, and116; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQID NOs: 27, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, and 117.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six CDRs selected from (a) HCDR1 comprising anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 32, 162, 172, and 182; (b)HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 33,163, 173, and 183; (c) HCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs: 34, 164, 174, and 184; (d) LCDR1 comprising an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 35, 165, 175, and 185; (e) LCDR2comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 36, 166,176, and 186; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs: 37, 167, 177, and 187.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, two,three, four, five, or six CDRs selected from (a) HCDR1 comprising anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 52, 122, 132, 142, and152; (b) HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ IDNOs: 53, 123, 133, 143, and 153; (c) HCDR3 comprising an amino acidsequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 54, 124, 134, 144, and 154; (d) LCDR1comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 55, 125,135, 145, and 155; (e) LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs: 56, 126, 136, 146, and 156; and (f) LCDR3 comprising anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 57, 127, 137, 147, and157.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable region and a light chain variable region. In some embodiments,an anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one heavy chain comprising aheavy chain variable region and at least a portion of a heavy chainconstant region, and at least one light chain comprising a light chainvariable region and at least a portion of a light chain constant region.In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises two heavy chains,wherein each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region and atleast a portion of a heavy chain constant region, and two light chains,wherein each light chain comprises a light chain variable region and atleast a portion of a light chain constant region. As used herein, asingle-chain Fv (scFv), or any other antibody that comprises, forexample, a single polypeptide chain comprising all six CDRs (three heavychain CDRs and three light chain CDRs) is considered to have a heavychain and a light chain. In some embodiments, the heavy chain is theregion of the anti-ICOS antibody that comprises the three heavy chainCDRs. In some embodiments, the light chain is the region of theanti-ICOS antibody that comprises the three light chain CDRs.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 165; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 166; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 167.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 175; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 176; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 177.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises six CDRs including(a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 182; (b)HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 183; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 184; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 185; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 186; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 187.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises the six CDRs asdescribed above and binds to ICOS. In some embodiments, the anti-ICOSantibody comprises the six CDRs as described above, binds to ICOS andincreases the number of Teff cells and/or activates Teff cells and/ordecreases the number of Treg cells and/or increases the ratio of Teffcells to Treg cells in a mammal, such as a human. In some embodiments,the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teffcells are CD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+FoxP3− T cells and/or CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody is provided that competeswith an anti-ICOS antibody described herein for binding to ICOS. In someembodiments, an antibody that competes for binding with any of theantibodies provided herein can be made and/or used.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one, atleast two, or all three VH CDR sequences selected from (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 182; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 183; and (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 184.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 26; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 87.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 97.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 117.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 127.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 147.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 157.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 165; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 166; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 167.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 175; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 176; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 177.

In some embodiments, the antibody comprises at least one, at least two,or all three VL CDR sequences selected from (a) LCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 185; (b) LCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 186; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 187.

In some embodiments, any of the six CDRs provided herein can be combinedas subparts with any of the other CDRs provided herein, for a total ofsix CDRs in a construct. Thus, in some embodiments, two CDRs from afirst antibody (for example, HCDR1 and HCDR2) can be combined with fourCDRs from a second antibody (HCDR3, LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3). In someembodiments, two or fewer residues in one or more of the CDRs can bereplaced to obtain a variant thereof. In some embodiments, two or fewerresidues can be replaced in 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of the CDRs.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 15; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 16; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 25; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 26; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 35; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 36; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:37.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:42; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 45; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 46; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 55; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 56; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 65; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 66; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:67.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:72; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 75; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 76; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:77.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:82; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 85; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 86; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:87.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:92; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 95; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 96; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:97.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:102; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 105; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 106; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:107.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:112; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 115; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 116; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:117.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:122; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 125; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 126; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:127.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:132; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 135; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 136; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:137.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:142; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 145; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 146; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:147.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:152; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 155; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 156; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:157.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:162; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 165; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 166; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:167.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:172; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 175; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 176; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:177.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:182; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 183; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 184; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 185; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 186; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:187.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:194; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 197; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 198; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:199.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:202; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 203; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 205; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 206; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:207.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising at least one, at least two, or all three VH CDR sequencesselected from (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:210; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 211; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212; and (II)a VL domain comprising at least one, at least two, or all three VL CDRsequences selected from (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 213; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 214; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:215.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable domain (VH) sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOSantibody comprises a heavy chain variable domain (VH) sequence having atleast 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequenceidentity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192, 200, or 208. Insome embodiments, a VH sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity contains substitutions (for example,conservative substitutions), insertions, or deletions relative to thereference sequence, but an anti-ICOS antibody comprising that sequenceretains the ability to bind to ICOS. In some embodiments, a total of 1to 10 amino acids have been substituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQID NO: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150,160, 170, or 180. In some embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 amino acidshave been substituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 192, 200,or 208. In some embodiments, substitutions, insertions, or deletionsoccur in regions outside the CDRs (that is, in the FRs). Optionally, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises the VH sequence in SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180,including post-translational modifications of that sequence. Optionally,the anti-ICOS antibody comprises the VH sequence in SEQ ID NO: 192, 200,or 208, including post-translational modifications of that sequence.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 32; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 33; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 34.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 42; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 44.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 64.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 74.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 84.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 94.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 104.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 113; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 114.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 124.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 133; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 134.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 143; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 144.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 154.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 164.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 174.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 182; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 183; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 184.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 195; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 196.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 203; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 204.

In some embodiments, the VH comprises: (a) HCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 211; and (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 212.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody is provided, wherein theantibody comprises a light chain variable domain (VL) having at least90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequenceidentity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, 21, 31, 41, 51,61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, or 181. In someembodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody is provided, wherein the antibodycomprises a light chain variable domain (VL) having at least 90%, 91%,92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193, 201, or 209. In some embodiments,a VL sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, or 99% identity contains substitutions (for example, conservativesubstitutions), insertions, or deletions relative to the referencesequence, but an anti-ICOS antibody comprising that sequence retains theability to bind to ICOS. In some embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 aminoacids have been substituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 11,21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171,or 181. In some embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 amino acids have beensubstituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 193, 201, or 209. Insome embodiments, the substitutions, insertions, or deletions occur inregions outside the CDRs (that is, in the FRs). Optionally, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises the VL sequence in SEQ ID NO: 11, 21, 31,41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, or 181,including post-translational modifications of that sequence. Optionally,the anti-ICOS antibody comprises the VL sequence in SEQ ID NO: 193, 201,or 209, including post-translational modifications of that sequence.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 16; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 25; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 26; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 27.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 36; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 37.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 46; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 47.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 57.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 66; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 67.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 77.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 87.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 96; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 97.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 106; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 107.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 116; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 117.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 127.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 136; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 137.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 146; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 147.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 157.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 165; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 166; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 167.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 175; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 176; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 177.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 185; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 186; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 187.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 198; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 199.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 205; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 206; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 207.

In some embodiments, the VL comprises: (a) LCDR1 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 213; (b) LCDR2 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 214; and (c) LCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 215.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable domain (VH) sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%,95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180 and a light chain variable domain(VL) having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11,21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171,or 181. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavychain variable domain (VH) sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192, 200, or 208 and a light chain variabledomain (VL) having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,99%, or 100% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:193, 201, or 209. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises aheavy chain variable domain (VH) sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 192, 200, or 208 and alight chain variable domain (VL) having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%,94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% sequence identity to the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101,111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 193, 201, or 209. In someembodiments, a VH sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%,96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity contains substitutions (for example,conservative substitutions), insertions, or deletions relative to thereference sequence, and a VL sequence having at least 90%, 91%, 92%,93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity contains substitutions(for example, conservative substitutions), insertions, or deletionsrelative to the reference sequence, but an anti-ICOS antibody comprisingthat sequence retains the ability to bind to ICOS. In some embodiments,a total of 1 to 10 amino acids have been substituted, inserted and/ordeleted in SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120,130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180. In some embodiments, a total of 1 to 10amino acids have been substituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO:11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161,171, or 181. In some embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 amino acids havebeen substituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 192, 200, or208. In some embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 amino acids have beensubstituted, inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 193, 201, or 209. Insome embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 amino acids have been substituted,inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80,90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 192, 200, or 208. Insome embodiments, a total of 1 to 10 amino acids have been substituted,inserted and/or deleted in SEQ ID NO: 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81,91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 193, 201, or 209. Insome embodiments, substitutions, insertions, or deletions occur inregions outside the CDRs (that is, in the FRs). Optionally, theanti-ICOS antibody comprises the VH sequence in SEQ ID NO: 10, 20, 30,40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, or 180and the VL sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91,101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, or 181, includingpost-translational modifications of one or both sequence. Optionally,the anti-ICOS antibody comprises the VH sequence in SEQ ID NO: 192, 200,or 208, and the VL sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193, 201, or 209, includingpost-translational modifications of one or both sequence. Optionally,the anti-ICOS antibody comprises the VH sequence in SEQ ID NO: 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,192, 200, or 208 and the VL sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11, 21, 31, 41, 51,61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 193, 201,or 209, including post-translational modifications of one or bothsequence.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:12; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 15; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 16; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:22; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 25; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 26; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 35; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 36; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:37.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:42; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 45; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 46; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:52; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 55; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 56; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:62; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 65; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 66; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:67.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:72; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 75; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 76; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:77.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:82; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 85; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 86; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:87.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:92; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 95; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 96; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:97.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:102; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 105; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 106; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:107.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:112; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 115; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 116; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:117.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:122; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 125; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 126; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:127.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:132; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 135; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 136; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:137.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:142; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 145; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 146; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:147.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:152; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 155; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 156; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:157.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:162; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 165; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 166; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:167.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:172; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 175; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 176; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:177.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:182; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 183; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 184; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 185; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 186; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:187.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:194; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 197; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 198; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:199.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:202; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 203; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 205; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 206; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:207.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody comprises (I) a VH domaincomprising: (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:210; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 211; and(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212; and (II)a VL domain comprising: (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO: 213; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 214; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:215.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a VH as in any ofthe embodiments provided herein, and a VL as in any of the embodimentsprovided herein. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH andVL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 10 and SEQ ID NO: 11, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 20 and SEQ ID NO: 21, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 30 and SEQ ID NO: 31,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VLsequences in SEQ ID NO: 40 and SEQ ID NO: 41, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 50 and SEQ ID NO: 51, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 60 and SEQ ID NO: 61,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VLsequences in SEQ ID NO: 70 and SEQ ID NO: 71, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 80 and SEQ ID NO: 81, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 90 and SEQ ID NO: 91,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VLsequences in SEQ ID NO: 100 and SEQ ID NO: 101, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 110 and SEQ ID NO: 111, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 120 and SEQ ID NO: 121,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VLsequences in SEQ ID NO: 130 and SEQ ID NO: 131, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 140 and SEQ ID NO: 141, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 150 and SEQ ID NO: 151,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VLsequences in SEQ ID NO: 160 and SEQ ID NO: 161, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 170 and SEQ ID NO: 171, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 180 and SEQ ID NO: 181,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences. In some embodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VLsequences in SEQ ID NO: 192 and SEQ ID NO: 193, respectively, includingpost-translational modifications of those sequences. In someembodiments, the antibody comprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ IDNO: 200 and SEQ ID NO: 201, respectively, including post-translationalmodifications of those sequences. In some embodiments, the antibodycomprises the VH and VL sequences in SEQ ID NO: 208 and SEQ ID NO: 209,respectively, including post-translational modifications of thosesequences.

In some embodiments, antibodies which compete with the anti-ICOSantibodies provided herein for binding to ICOS are provided. In someembodiments, antibodies compete with the anti-ICOS antibodies providedherein for binding to an epitope on ICOS.

In some embodiments, competition assays may be used to identify amonoclonal antibody that competes with an anti-ICOS antibody describedherein (such as 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713, 37A10S714,37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71, 16G10S72,16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, or 35A9S89; and/or 2M13, 2M19, or2M24) for binding to ICOS. Competition assays can be used to determinewhether two antibodies bind the same epitope by recognizing identical orsterically overlapping epitopes or one antibody competitively inhibitsbinding of another antibody to the antigen. In some embodiments, such acompeting antibody binds to the same epitope that is bound by anantibody described herein. Exemplary competition assays include, but arenot limited to, routine assays such as those provided in Harlow and Lane(1988) Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual ch. 14 (Cold Spring HarborLaboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.). Detailed exemplary methods formapping an epitope to which an antibody binds are provided in Morris(1996) “Epitope Mapping Protocols,” in Methods in Molecular Biology vol.66 (Humana Press, Totowa, N.J.). In some embodiments, two antibodies aresaid to bind to the same epitope if each blocks binding of the other by50% or more. In some embodiments, the antibody that competes with ananti-ICOS antibody described herein is a chimeric, humanized or humanantibody. In some embodiments, an antibody that competes with achimeric, humanized, or human anti-ICOS antibody as described herein isprovided.

In some embodiments, antibodies that bind to any one or more of theepitopes that the antibodies provided herein are provided. In someembodiments, antibodies that bind and overlap an epitope to which thepresent antibodies bind to are provided. In some embodiments, anantibody is provided that competes with at least one of the antibodiesprovided herein. In some embodiments, an antibody is provided thatcompetes with at least two of the antibodies provided herein. In someembodiments, an antibody is provided that competes with at least threeof the antibodies provided herein. In some embodiments, the antibodybinds to an overlapping epitope as an antibody described in the examplesherein. In some embodiments, the entire epitope is bound and/orobstructed by the competing antibody. In some embodiments, a part of theepitope is bound and/or obstructed by the competing antibody. In someembodiments, the competing antibody's paratope binds to at least a partof the epitope of an antibody provided herein. In some embodiments, thecompeting antibody's paratope binds the target, and a different sectionof the competing antibody's structure obstruct at least a part of theepitope of an antibody provided herein.

Exemplary Chimeric Antibodies

In some embodiments, an antibody provided herein is a chimeric antibody.Certain chimeric antibodies are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.4,816,567; and Morrison et al., (1984) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,81:6851-6855 (1984)). In one example, a chimeric antibody comprises anon-human variable region (for example, a variable region derived from amouse, rat, hamster, rabbit, or non-human primate, such as a monkey) anda human constant region. In a further example, a chimeric antibody is a“class switched” antibody in which the class or subclass has beenchanged from that of the parent antibody. Chimeric antibodies includeantigen-binding fragments thereof.

Nonlimiting exemplary chimeric antibodies include chimeric antibodiescomprising the heavy and/or light chain variable regions of an antibodyselected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713, 37A10S714,37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71, 16G10S72,16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19, or 2M24.Additional nonlimiting exemplary chimeric antibodies include chimericantibodies comprising heavy chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and/or lightchain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of an antibody selected from 7F12, 37A10,35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713, 37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716,37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71, 16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79,35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19, or 2M24. Further nonlimiting exemplarychimeric antibodies include chimeric antibodies comprising heavy chainCDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 of anantibody selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713,37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71,16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19, or2M24. In some embodiments, the chimeric anti-ICOS antibody comprises thevariable regions described above and binds to ICOS. In some embodiments,the chimeric anti-ICOS antibody comprises the variable regions describedabove, binds to ICOS, and increases the number of Teff cells and/oractivates Teff cells and/or decreases the number of Treg cells and/orincreases the ratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In some embodiments,the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teffcells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells areCD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− Tcells and CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, a chimeric anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavychain comprising a variable region sequence that is at least 90%, atleast 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to asequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 192, 200, or 208, whereinthe antibody binds ICOS. In some embodiments, a chimeric anti-ICOSantibody comprises a light chain comprising a variable region sequencethat is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least99% identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11, 21, 31, 41,51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 193,201, or 209, wherein the antibody binds ICOS. In some embodiments, achimeric anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising avariable region sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to a sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140,150, 160, 170, and 180; and a light chain comprising a variable regionsequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11, 21,31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, and181; wherein the antibody binds ICOS. In some embodiments, a chimericanti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising a variable regionsequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 192, 200,or 208; and a light chain comprising a variable region sequence that isat least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 193, 201, or 209;wherein the antibody binds ICOS. In some embodiments, a chimericanti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising a variable regionsequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 20,30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180,192, 200, or 208; and a light chain comprising a variable regionsequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%,at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, orat least 99% identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 11, 21,31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181,193, 201, and 209; wherein the antibody binds ICOS.

Exemplary chimeric anti-ICOS antibodies also include chimeric antibodiesthat compete for binding to ICOS with an antibody or fragment thereofdescribed herein. Thus, in some embodiments, a chimeric anti-ICOSantibody is provided that competes for binding to ICOS with an antibodyselected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713, 37A10S714,37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71, 16G10S72,16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19, and 2M24, orfragment thereof. In some embodiments, the antibody competes for bindingto ICOS and increases the number of Teff cells and/or activates Teffcells and/or decreases the number of Treg cells and/or increases theratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In some embodiments, the Treg cellsare CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD8+ Tcells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells andCD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, a chimeric antibody described herein comprises oneor more human constant regions. In some embodiments, the human heavychain constant region is of an isotype selected from IgA, IgG, and IgD.In some embodiments, the human light chain constant region is of anisotype selected from κ and λ. In some embodiments, a chimeric antibodydescribed herein comprises a human IgG constant region. In someembodiments, a chimeric antibody described herein comprises a human IgG4heavy chain constant region. In some embodiments, a chimeric antibodydescribed herein comprises a human IgG4 constant region and a human κlight chain.

As noted above, whether or not effector function is desirable may dependon the particular method of treatment intended for an antibody. Thus, insome embodiments, when effector function is desirable, a chimericanti-ICOS antibody comprising a human IgG1 heavy chain constant regionor a human IgG3 heavy chain constant region is selected. In someembodiments, when effector function is not desirable, a chimericanti-ICOS antibody comprising a human IgG4 or IgG2 heavy chain constantregion is selected.

Exemplary Humanized Antibodies

In some embodiments, humanized antibodies that bind ICOS are provided.Humanized antibodies are useful as therapeutic molecules becausehumanized antibodies reduce or eliminate the human immune response ascompared to non-human antibodies, which can result in an immune responseto an antibody therapeutic (such as the human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA)response), and decreased effectiveness of the therapeutic.

In some embodiments, a chimeric antibody is a humanized antibody.Typically, a non-human antibody is humanized to reduce immunogenicity tohumans, while retaining the specificity and affinity of the parentalnon-human antibody. Generally, a humanized antibody comprises one ormore variable domains in which CDRs, (or portions thereof) are derivedfrom a non-human antibody, and FRs (or portions thereof) are derivedfrom human antibody sequences. A humanized antibody optionally will alsocomprise at least a portion of a human constant region. In someembodiments, some FR residues in a humanized antibody are substitutedwith corresponding residues from a non-human antibody (for example, theantibody from which the CDR residues are derived), for example, torestore or improve antibody specificity or affinity.

Humanized antibodies and methods of making them are reviewed, forexample, in Almagro and Fransson, (2008) Front. Biosci. 13: 1619-1633,and are further described, for example, in Riechmann et al., (1988)Nature 332:323-329; Queen et al., (1989) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,821,337, 7,527,791, 6,982,321, and7,087,409; Kashmiri et al., (2005) Methods 36:25-34; Padlan, (1991) Mol.Immunol. 28:489-498 (describing “resurfacing”); Dall'Acqua et al.,(2005) Methods 36:43-60 (describing “FR shuffling”); and Osbourn et al.,(2005) Methods 36:61-68 and Klimka et al., (2000) Br. J. Cancer,83:252-260 (describing the “guided selection” approach to FR shuffling).

Human framework regions that can be used for humanization include butare not limited to: framework regions selected using the “best-fit”method (see, for example, Sims et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 151:2296);framework regions derived from the consensus sequence of humanantibodies of a particular subgroup of light or heavy chain variableregions (see, for example, Carter et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.USA, 89:4285; and Presta et al. (1993) J. Immunol, 151:2623); humanmature (somatically mutated) framework regions or human germlineframework regions (see, for example, Almagro and Fransson, (2008) Front.Biosci. 13:1619-1633); and framework regions derived from screening FRlibraries (see, for example, Baca et al., (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:10678-10684 and Rosok et al., (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:22611-22618).

Nonlimiting exemplary humanized antibodies include 37A10S713, 37A10S714,37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71, 16G10S72,16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, and 35A9S89, described herein.Nonlimiting exemplary humanized antibodies also include antibodiescomprising a heavy chain variable region of an antibody selected from37A10S713, 37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718,16G10S71, 16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, and 35A9S89and/or a light chain variable region of an antibody selected from37A10S713, 37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718,16G10S71, 16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, and 35A9S89.Nonlimiting exemplary humanized antibodies include antibodies comprisinga heavy chain variable region selected from SEQ ID NOs: 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, and 180 and/or a light chainvariable region selected from SEQ ID NOs: 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121,131, 141, 151, 161, 171, and 181. Exemplary humanized antibodies alsoinclude, but are not limited to, humanized antibodies comprising heavychain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3, and/or light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 ofan antibody selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713,37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71,16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19,and 2M24. In some embodiments, the humanized anti-ICOS antibodycomprises the CDRs described above and binds to ICOS. In someembodiments, the humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises the CDRsdescribed above, binds to ICOS and increases the number of Teff cellsand/or activates Teff cells and/or decreases the number of Treg cellsand/or increases the ratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In someembodiments, the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In someembodiments, the Teff cells are CD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, theTeff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavychain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 and/or a light chain CDR1, CDR2, and CDR3 ofan antibody selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A10S713,37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71,16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19,and 2M24.

In some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavychain comprising a variable region sequence that is at least 90%, atleast 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to asequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130,140, 150, 160, 170, and 180, and wherein the antibody binds ICOS. Insome embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises a light chaincomprising a variable region sequence that is at least 90%, at least91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to a sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 61, 71, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151,161, 171, and 181, wherein the antibody binds ICOS. In some embodiments,a humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising avariable region sequence that is at least 90%, at least 91%, at least92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to a sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs: 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, and180; and a light chain comprising a variable region sequence that is atleast 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, atleast 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%identical to a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 61, 71, 81, 91, 101,111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, and 181; wherein the antibody bindsICOS.

In some embodiments, any one or more of the CDR sequences providedherein are maintained, while the remaining heavy, light, or heavy andlight chain region (that is, FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4) is at least 90%, atleast 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to asequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90,100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71,81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, and 181. In someembodiments, any one or more of the CDR sequences provided herein aremaintained, while the remaining heavy, light, or heavy and light chainregion (that is, FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4) is at least 90%, at least 91%,at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to a sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 192, 193, 200, 201, 208, and 209. In someembodiments, any one or more of the CDR sequences provided herein aremaintained, while the remaining heavy, light, or heavy and light chainregion (that is, FR1, FR2, FR3, and FR4) is at least 90%, at least 91%,at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, atleast 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to a sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110,120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 11, 21, 31, 41, 51, 61, 71, 81, 91,101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 151, 161, 171, 181, 192, 193, 200, 201, 208,and 209.

In some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises at leastone of the CDRs discussed herein. That is, in some embodiments, ahumanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises at least one CDR selected from aheavy chain CDR1 discussed herein, a heavy chain CDR2 discussed herein,a heavy chain CDR3 discussed herein, a light chain CDR1 discussedherein, a light chain CDR2 discussed herein, and a light chain CDR3discussed herein. Further, in some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOSantibody comprises at least one mutated CDR based on a CDR discussedherein, wherein the mutated CDR comprises 1, 2, 3, or 4 amino acidsubstitutions relative to the CDR discussed herein. In some embodiments,one or more of the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acidsubstitutions. One skilled in the art can select one or more suitableconservative amino acid substitutions for a particular CDR sequence,wherein the suitable conservative amino acid substitutions are notpredicted to significantly alter the binding properties of the antibodycomprising the mutated CDR.

Exemplary humanized anti-ICOS antibodies also include antibodies thatcompete for binding to ICOS with an antibody or fragment thereofdescribed herein. Thus, in some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOSantibody is provided that competes for binding to ICOS with an antibodyor fragment thereof selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10,37A10S713, 37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718,16G10S71, 16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89,2M13, 2M19, and 2M24. In some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOSantibody is provided that competes for binding to ICOS with an antibodyor fragment thereof selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10,37A10S713, 37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718,16G10S71, 16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89,2M13, 2M19, and 2M24 and increases the number of Teff cells and/oractivates Teff cells and/or decreases the number of Treg cells and/orincreases the ratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In some embodiments,the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teffcells are CD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, a humanized anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavychain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 188 and a lightchain comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 189.

Exemplary Human Antibodies

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein is a humanantibody. Human antibodies can be produced using various techniquesknown in the art. Human antibodies are described generally in van Dijkand van de Winkel, (2001) Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 5:368-374 and Lonberg,(2008) Curr. Opin. Immunol. 20:450-459. In some embodiments, the humanantibody is not a naturally occurring antibody. In some embodiments, thehuman antibody is a monoclonal antibody; thus, in some embodiments, eachof the human antibodies in a set can bind to the same epitope on theantigen.

Human antibodies can be prepared by administering an immunogen to atransgenic animal that has been modified to produce intact humanantibodies or intact antibodies with human variable regions in responseto antigenic challenge. Such animals typically contain all or a portionof the human immunoglobulin loci, which replace the endogenousimmunoglobulin loci, or which are present extrachromosomally orintegrated randomly into the animal's chromosomes. In such transgenicmice, the endogenous immunoglobulin loci have generally beeninactivated. For review of methods for obtaining human antibodies fromtransgenic animals, see Lonberg, (2005) Nat. Biotech. 23: 1117-1125. Seealso, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,075,181 and 6,150,584 describingXENOMOUSE™ technology; U.S. Pat. No. 5,770,429 describing HUMAB®technology; U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,870 describing K-M MOUSE® technology,and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. US 2007/0061900, describingVELOCIMOUSE® technology). Human variable regions from intact antibodiesgenerated by such animals may be further modified, for example, bycombining with a different human constant region.

Human antibodies can also be made by hybridoma-based methods. Humanmyeloma and mouse-human heteromyeloma cell lines for the production ofhuman monoclonal antibodies have been described. (See, for example,Kozbor (1984) J. Immunol, 133: 3001; Brodeur et al., Monoclonal AntibodyProduction Techniques and Applications, pp. 51-63 (Marcel Dekker, Inc.,New York, 1987); and Boerner et al, (1991) J. Immunol., 147:86). Humanantibodies generated via human B-cell hybridoma technology are alsodescribed in Li et al., (2006) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,103:3557-3562. Additional methods include those described, for example,in U.S. Pat. No. 7,189,826 (describing production of monoclonal humanIgM antibodies from hybridoma cell lines) and Ni, (2006) XiandaiMianyixue, 26(4):265-268 (describing human-human hybridomas). Humanhybridoma technology (Trioma technology) is also described in Vollmersand Brandlein, (2005) Histology and Histopathology, 20(3):927-937 (2005)and Vollmers and Brandlein, (2005) Methods and Findings in Experimentaland Clinical Pharmacology, 27(3): 185-191.

Human antibodies can also be generated by isolating Fv clone variabledomain sequences selected from human-derived phage display libraries.Such variable domain sequences may then be combined with a desired humanconstant domain. Techniques for selecting human antibodies from antibodylibraries are described below.

Antibodies may be isolated by screening combinatorial libraries forantibodies with the desired activity or activities. For example, avariety of methods are known in the art for generating phage displaylibraries and screening such libraries for antibodies possessing thedesired binding characteristics. Such methods are reviewed, for example,in Hoogenboom et al. in Methods in Molecular Biology 178: 1-37 (O'Brienet al., ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2001) and further described, forexample, in the McCafferty et al, (1990) Nature 348:552-554; Clackson etal, (1991) Nature 352: 624-628; Marks et al, (1992) J Mol. Biol 222:581-597; Marks and Bradbury, in Methods in Molecular Biology 248:161-175 (Lo, ed., Human Press, Totowa, N.J., 2003); Sidhu et al, (2004)JMol. Biol. 338(2): 299-310; Lee et al., (2004) J. Mol. Biol. 340(5):1073-1093; Fellouse, (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101(34):12467-12472; and Lee et al, (2004) J. Immunol. Methods 284(1-2): 119-132and PCT publication WO 99/10494.

In certain phage display methods, repertoires of V_(H) and V_(L) genesare separately cloned by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and recombinedrandomly in phage libraries, which can then be screened forantigen-binding phage as described in Winter et al., (1994) Ann. Rev.Immunol., 12:433-455. Phage typically display antibody fragments, eitheras single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments or as Fab fragments. Libraries fromimmunized sources provide high-affinity antibodies to the immunogenwithout the requirement of constructing hybridomas. Alternatively, thenaive repertoire can be cloned (for example, from human) to provide asingle source of antibodies to a wide range of non-self and alsoself-antigens without any immunization as described by Griffiths et al.,(1993) EMBO J 12:725-734. Finally, naive libraries can also be madesynthetically by cloning unrearranged V-gene segments from stem cells,and using PCR primers containing random sequence to encode the highlyvariable CDR3 regions and to accomplish rearrangement in vitro, asdescribed by Hoogenboom and Winter (1992), J. Mol. Biol, 227:381-388.Patent publications describing human antibody phage libraries include,for example: U.S. Pat. No. 5,750,373, and US Patent Publication Nos.2005/0079574, 2005/0119455, 2005/0266000, 2007/0117126, 2007/0160598,2007/0237764, 2007/0292936, and 2009/0002360.

In some embodiments, a human anti-ICOS antibody binds to a polypeptidehaving the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 or 2. In some embodiments, the humananti-ICOS antibody binds to ICOS and increases the number of Teff cellsand/or activates Teff cells and/or decreases the number of Treg cellsand/or increases the ratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In someembodiments, the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In someembodiments, the Teff cells are CD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, theTeff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ T cells.

Exemplary human anti-ICOS antibodies also include antibodies thatcompete for binding to ICOS with a human antibody or fragment thereofdescribed herein. Thus, in some embodiments, a human anti-ICOS antibodyis provided that competes for binding to ICOS with an antibody orfragment thereof selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10,37A105713, 37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718,16G10S71, 16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89,2M13, 2M19, and 2M24. In some embodiments, a human anti-ICOS antibody isprovided that competes for binding to ICOS with an antibody or fragmentthereof selected from 7F12, 37A10, 35A9, 36E10, 16G10, 37A105713,37A10S714, 37A10S715, 37A10S716, 37A10S717, 37A10S718, 16G10S71,16G10S72, 16G10S73, 16G10S83, 35A9S79, 35A9S710, 35A9S89, 2M13, 2M19,and 2M24 and increases the number of Teff cells and/or activates Teffcells and/or decreases the number of Treg cells and/or increases theratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. In some embodiments, the Treg cellsare CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD8+ Tcells. In some embodiments, the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells andCD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, a chimeric human anti-ICOS antibody is provided,where the antibody comprises the variable region from a human antibodythat binds ICOS and the constant region from a different human antibody.In some embodiments, a chimeric human anti-ICOS antibody, where theantibody comprises the CDRs from a human antibody that binds ICOS and aframework from a different human antibody is provided. In someembodiments, the antibody is not a naturally occurring human antibody.

In some embodiments, a human anti-ICOS antibody comprises one or morehuman constant regions. In some embodiments, the human heavy chainconstant region is of an isotype selected from IgA, IgG, and IgD. Insome embodiments, the human light chain constant region is of an isotypeselected from κ and λ. In some embodiments, a human antibody describedherein comprises a human IgG constant region. In some embodiments, ahuman antibody described herein comprises a human IgG4 heavy chainconstant region. In some embodiments, a human antibody described hereincomprises a human IgG4 constant region and a human κ light chain.

In some embodiments, when effector function is desirable, a humananti-ICOS antibody comprising a human IgG1 heavy chain constant regionor a human IgG3 heavy chain constant region is selected. In someembodiments, when effector function is not desirable, a human anti-ICOSantibody comprising a human IgG4 or IgG2 heavy chain constant region isselected.

As noted herein, the term “human antibody” denotes the genus of possiblesequences for the antibody construct, rather than a source of theantibody.

Exemplary Antibody Constant Regions

In some embodiments, an antibody described herein comprises one or morehuman constant regions. In some embodiments, the human heavy chainconstant region is of an isotype selected from IgA, IgG, and IgD. Insome embodiments, the human light chain constant region is of an isotypeselected from κ and λ. In some embodiments, an antibody described hereincomprises a human IgG constant region. In some embodiments, an antibodydescribed herein comprises a human IgG4 heavy chain constant region. Insome embodiments, an antibody described herein comprises a human IgG4constant region and a human κ light chain.

Throughout the present specification and claims unless explicitly statedor known to one skilled in the art, the numbering of the residues in animmunoglobulin heavy chain is that of the EU index as in Kabat et al.,Sequences of Proteins of Immunological Interest, 5th Ed. Public HealthService, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md. (1991), expresslyincorporated herein by reference. The “EU index as in Kabat” refers tothe residue numbering of the human IgG1 EU antibody.

As noted above, whether or not effector function is desirable may dependon the particular method of treatment intended for an antibody. Thus, insome embodiments, when effector function is desirable, an anti-ICOSantibody comprising a human IgG1 heavy chain constant region or a humanIgG3 heavy chain constant region is selected. In some embodiments, wheneffector function is not desirable, an anti-ICOS antibody comprising ahuman IgG4 or IgG2 heavy chain constant region is selected.

In some embodiments, an antibody comprises a variant Fc region has atleast one amino acid substitution compared to the Fc region of awild-type IgG or a wild-type antibody. In some embodiments, the variantFc region has two or more amino acid substitutions in the Fc region ofthe wild-type antibody. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region hasthree or more amino acid substitutions in the Fc region of the wild-typeantibody. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region has at least one,two or three or more Fc region amino acid substitutions describedherein. In some embodiments, the variant Fc region herein will possessat least about 80% homology with a native sequence Fc region and/or withan Fc region of a parent polypeptide. In some embodiments, the variantFc region herein will possess at least about 90% homology with a nativesequence Fc region and/or with an Fc region of a parent polypeptide. Insome embodiments, the variant Fc region herein will possess at leastabout 95% homology with a native sequence Fc region and/or with an Fcregion of a parent polypeptide.

In some embodiments, an antibody provided herein is altered to increaseor decrease the extent to which the antibody is glycosylated. Additionor deletion of glycosylation sites to an antibody may be convenientlyaccomplished by altering the amino acid sequence such that one or moreglycosylation sites is created or removed.

Where the antibody comprises an Fc region, the carbohydrate attachedthereto may be altered. Native antibodies produced by mammalian cellstypically comprise a branched, biantennary oligosaccharide that isgenerally attached by an N-linkage to Asn297 of the CH2 domain of the Fcregion. See, for example, Wright et al. TIBTECH 15:26-32 (1997). Theoligosaccharide may include various carbohydrates, for example, mannose,N-acetyl glucosamine (GlcNAc), galactose, and sialic acid, as well as afucose attached to a GlcNAc in the “stem” of the biantennaryoligosaccharide structure. In some embodiments, modifications of theoligosaccharide in an antibody may be made in order to create antibodyvariants with certain improved properties.

In some embodiments, antibody variants are provided having acarbohydrate structure that lacks fucose attached (directly orindirectly) to an Fc region. For example, the amount of fucose in suchantibody may be from 1% to 80%, from 1% to 65%, from 5% to 65% or from20% to 40%. The amount of fucose is determined by calculating theaverage amount of fucose within the sugar chain at Asn297, relative tothe sum of all glycostructures attached to Asn 297 (for example,complex, hybrid and high mannose structures) as measured by MALDI-TOFmass spectrometry, as described in WO 2008/077546, for example. Asn297refers to the asparagine residue located at about position 297 in the Fcregion (EU numbering of Fc region residues); however, Asn297 may also belocated about ±3 amino acids upstream or downstream of position 297,that is, between positions 294 and 300, due to minor sequence variationsin antibodies. Such fucosylation variants may have improved ADCCfunction. See, for example, US Patent Publication Nos. US 2003/0157108(Presta, L.); US 2004/0093621 (Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd). Examples ofpublications related to “defucosylated” or “fucose-deficient” antibodyvariants include: US 2003/0157108; WO 2000/61739; WO 2001/29246; US2003/0115614; US 2002/0164328; US 2004/0093621; US 2004/0132140; US2004/0110704; US 2004/0110282; US 2004/0109865; WO 2003/085119; WO2003/084570; WO 2005/035586; WO 2005/035778; WO2005/053742;WO2002/031140; Okazaki et al. J. Mol. Biol. 336:1239-1249 (2004);Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004). Examples of celllines capable of producing defucosylated antibodies include Lec13 CHOcells deficient in protein fucosylation (Ripka et al. Arch. Biochem.Biophys. 249:533-545 (1986); US Patent Application No. US 2003/0157108A1, Presta, L; and WO 2004/056312 A1, Adams et al., especially atExample 11), and knockout cell lines, such asalpha-1,6-fucosyltransferase gene, FUT8, knockout CHO cells (see, forexample, Yamane-Ohnuki et al. Biotech. Bioeng. 87: 614 (2004); Kanda, Y.et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng., 94(4):680-688 (2006); and WO2003/085107).

Antibody variants are further provided with bisected oligosaccharides,for example, in which a biantennary oligosaccharide attached to the Fcregion of the antibody is bisected by GlcNAc. Such antibody variants mayhave reduced fucosylation and/or improved ADCC function. Examples ofsuch antibody variants are described, for example, in WO 2003/011878(Jean-Mairet et al.); U.S. Pat. No. 6,602,684 (Umana et al.); and US2005/0123546 (Umana et al.). Antibody variants with at least onegalactose residue in the oligosaccharide attached to the Fc region arealso provided. Such antibody variants may have improved CDC function.Such antibody variants are described, for example, in WO 1997/30087(Patel et al.); WO 1998/58964 (Raju, S.); and WO 1999/22764 (Raju, S.).

Antibody variants are also provided with amino-terminal leaderextensions. For example, one or more amino acid residues of theamino-terminal leader sequence are present at the amino-terminus of anyone or more heavy or light chains of an antibody. An exemplaryamino-terminal leader extension comprises or consists of three aminoacid residues, VHS, present on one or both light chains of an antibodyvariant.

The in vivo or serum half-life of human FcRn high affinity bindingpolypeptides can be assayed, for example, in transgenic mice, in humans,or in non-human primates to which the polypeptides with a variant Fcregion are administered. See also, for example, Petkova et al.International Immunology 18(12):1759-1769 (2006).

In some embodiments, the antibody variant mediates ADCC in the presenceof human effector cells more effectively than a parent antibody. In someembodiments, the antibody variant is substantially more effective atmediating ADCC in vitro, when the amounts of polypeptide variant andparent antibody used in the assay are essentially the same. In someembodiments, the antibody variant is substantially more effective atmediating ADCC in vivo, when the amounts of polypeptide variant andparent antibody used in the assay are essentially the same. Generally,such variants will be identified using the in vitro ADCC assay as hereindisclosed, but other assays or methods for determining ADCC activity,for example in an animal model etc., are contemplated.

Exemplary Antibody Conjugates

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody is conjugated to anothermolecule. In some embodiments, the additional molecule can be adetectable marker, such as a label. In some embodiments, the additionalmolecule can be a therapeutic molecule, such as a cytotoxic agent. Insome embodiments, a label and/or a cytotoxic agent can be conjugated tothe antibody. As used herein, a label is a moiety that facilitatesdetection of the antibody and/or facilitates detection of a molecule towhich the antibody binds. Nonlimiting exemplary labels include, but arenot limited to, radioisotopes, fluorescent groups, enzymatic groups,chemiluminescent groups, biotin, epitope tags, metal-binding tags, etc.One skilled in the art can select a suitable label according to thespecific application.

As used herein, a cytotoxic agent is a moiety that reduces theproliferative capacity of one or more cells. A cell has reducedproliferative capacity when the cell becomes less able to proliferate,for example, because the cell undergoes apoptosis or otherwise dies, thecell fails to proceed through the cell cycle and/or fails to divide, thecell differentiates, etc. Nonlimiting exemplary cytotoxic agentsinclude, but are not limited to, radioisotopes, toxins, andchemotherapeutic agents. One skilled in the art can select a suitablecytotoxic according to the intended application. In some embodiments,the cytotoxic agent is at least one of an anti-metabolite, an alkylatingagent, an antibiotic, a growth factor, a cytokine, an anti-angiogenicagent, an anti-mitotic agent, an anthracycline, toxin, or an apoptoticagent

In some embodiments, a label and/or a cytotoxic agent is conjugated toan antibody using chemical methods in vitro. Nonlimiting exemplarychemical methods of conjugation are known in the art, and includeservices, methods and/or reagents commercially available from, forexample, Thermo Scientific Life Science Research Produces (formerlyPierce; Rockford, Ill.), Prozyme (Hayward, Calif.), SACRI AntibodyServices (Calgary, Canada), AbD Serotec (Raleigh, N.C.), etc. In someembodiments, when a label and/or cytotoxic agent is a polypeptide, thelabel and/or cytotoxic agent can be expressed from the same expressionvector with at least one antibody chain to produce a polypeptidecomprising the label and/or cytotoxic agent fused to an antibody chain.One skilled in the art can select a suitable method for conjugating alabel and/or cytotoxic agent to an antibody according to the intendedapplication.

In some embodiments, conjugation can be covalent. In some embodiments,conjugation can be non-covalent. In some embodiments, conjugation can bevia a specific binding interaction, for example, through the binding ofa secondary antibody.

Exemplary Leader Sequences

In order for some secreted proteins to express and secrete in largequantities, a leader sequence from a heterologous protein may bedesirable. In some embodiments, employing heterologous leader sequencescan be advantageous in that a resulting mature polypeptide can remainunaltered as the leader sequence is removed in the ER during thesecretion process. The addition of a heterologous leader sequence can beuseful to express and secrete some proteins.

Certain exemplary leader sequence sequences are described, for example,in the online Leader sequence Database maintained by the Department ofBiochemistry, National University of Singapore. See Choo et al., BMCBioinformatics, 6: 249 (2005); and PCT Publication No. WO 2006/081430.

III. Antibody Expression and Production Nucleic Acid Molecules EncodingAnti-ICOS Antibodies

Nucleic acid molecules comprising polynucleotides that encode one ormore chains of an anti-ICOS antibody are provided herein. In someembodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprises a polynucleotide thatencodes a heavy chain or a light chain of an anti-ICOS antibody. In someembodiments, a nucleic acid molecule comprises both a polynucleotidethat encodes a heavy chain and a polynucleotide that encodes a lightchain, of an anti-ICOS antibody. In some embodiments, a first nucleicacid molecule comprises a first polynucleotide that encodes a heavychain and a second nucleic acid molecule comprises a secondpolynucleotide that encodes a light chain.

In some embodiments, the heavy chain and the light chain are expressedfrom one nucleic acid molecule, or from two separate nucleic acidmolecules, as two separate polypeptides. In some embodiments, such aswhen an antibody is an scFv, a single polynucleotide encodes a singlepolypeptide comprising both a heavy chain and a light chain linkedtogether.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain or lightchain of an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes at least one of the CDRs provided herein. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide encoding a heavy chain or light chain of an anti-ICOSantibody comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes at least 3 of theCDRs provided herein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding aheavy chain or light chain of an anti-ICOS antibody comprises anucleotide sequence that encodes at least 6 of the CDRs provided herein.In some embodiments, a polynucleotide encoding a heavy chain or lightchain of an anti-ICOS antibody comprises a nucleotide sequence thatencodes a leader sequence, which, when translated, is located at the Nterminus of the heavy chain or light chain. As discussed above, theleader sequence may be the native heavy or light chain leader sequence,or may be another heterologous leader sequence.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is one that encodes for any of theamino acid sequences for the antibodies in the Sequence Table herein. Insome embodiments, the nucleic acid is one that is at least 80% identicalto a nucleic acid encoding any of the amino acid sequences for theantibodies in the Sequence Table herein, for example, at least 80, 85,90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99% identical. In someembodiments, the nucleic acid is one that hybridizes to any one or moreof the nucleic acid sequences provided herein. In some of theembodiments, the hybridization is under moderate conditions. In someembodiments, the hybridization is under highly stringent conditions,such as: at least about 6×SSC and 1% SDS at 65° C., with a first washfor 10 minutes at about 42° C. with about 20% (v/v) formamide in0.1×SSC, and with a subsequent wash with 0.2×SSC and 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

Nucleic acid molecules can be constructed using recombinant DNAtechniques conventional in the art. In some embodiments, a nucleic acidmolecule is an expression vector that is suitable for expression in aselected host cell. Vectors

Vectors comprising polynucleotides that encode anti-ICOS heavy chainsand/or anti-ICOS light chains are provided. Vectors comprisingpolynucleotides that encode anti-ICOS heavy chains and/or anti-ICOSlight chains are also provided. Such vectors include, but are notlimited to, DNA vectors, phage vectors, viral vectors, retroviralvectors, etc. In some embodiments, a vector comprises a firstpolynucleotide sequence encoding a heavy chain and a secondpolynucleotide sequence encoding a light chain. In some embodiments, theheavy chain and light chain are expressed from the vector as twoseparate polypeptides. In some embodiments, the heavy chain and lightchain are expressed as part of a single polypeptide, such as, forexample, when the antibody is an scFv.

In some embodiments, a first vector comprises a polynucleotide thatencodes a heavy chain and a second vector comprises a polynucleotidethat encodes a light chain. In some embodiments, the first vector andsecond vector are transfected into host cells in similar amounts (suchas similar molar amounts or similar mass amounts). In some embodiments,a mole- or mass-ratio of between 5:1 and 1:5 of the first vector and thesecond vector is transfected into host cells. In some embodiments, amass ratio of between 1:1 and 1:5 for the vector encoding the heavychain and the vector encoding the light chain is used. In someembodiments, a mass ratio of 1:2 for the vector encoding the heavy chainand the vector encoding the light chain is used.

In some embodiments, a vector is selected that is optimized forexpression of polypeptides in CHO or CHO-derived cells, or in NSO cells.Exemplary such vectors are described, for example, in Running Deer etal., Biotechnol. Prog. 20:880-889 (2004).

Host Cells

In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibody heavy chains and/or anti-ICOSantibody light chains may be expressed in prokaryotic cells, such asbacterial cells; or in eukaryotic cells, such as fungal cells (such asyeast), plant cells, insect cells, and mammalian cells. Such expressionmay be carried out, for example, according to procedures known in theart. Exemplary eukaryotic cells that may be used to express polypeptidesinclude, but are not limited to, COS cells, including COS 7 cells; 293cells, including 293-6E cells; CHO cells, including CHO-S, DG44. Lec13CHO cells, and FUT8 CHO cells; PER.C6x cells (Crucell); and NSO cells.In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibody heavy chains and/or anti-ICOSantibody light chains may be expressed in yeast. See, for example, U.S.Publication No. US 2006/0270045 A1. In some embodiments, a particulareukaryotic host cell is selected based on its ability to make desiredpost-translational modifications to the anti-ICOS antibody heavy chainsand/or anti-ICOS antibody light chains. For example, in someembodiments, CHO cells produce polypeptides that have a higher level ofsialylation than the same polypeptide produced in 293 cells.

Introduction of one or more nucleic acids into a desired host cell maybe accomplished by any method, including but not limited to, calciumphosphate transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, cationiclipid-mediated transfection, electroporation, transduction, infection,etc. Nonlimiting exemplary methods are described, for example, inSambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual, 3^(rd) ed. ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press (2001). Nucleic acids may be transientlyor stably transfected in the desired host cells, according to anysuitable method.

Host cells comprising any of the polynucleotides or vectors describedherein are also provided. In some embodiments, a host cell comprising ananti-ICOS antibody is provided. Any host cells capable ofover-expressing heterologous DNAs can be used for the purpose ofisolating the genes encoding the antibody, polypeptide or protein ofinterest. Non-limiting examples of mammalian host cells include but notlimited to COS, HeLa, and CHO cells. See also PCT Publication No. WO87/04462. Suitable non-mammalian host cells include prokaryotes (such asE. coli or B. subtillis) and yeast (such as S. cerevisae, S. pombe; orK. lactis).

Purification of Antibodies

Anti-ICOS antibodies can be purified by any suitable method. Suchmethods include, but are not limited to, the use of affinity matrices orhydrophobic interaction chromatography. Suitable affinity ligandsinclude the ROR1 ECD and ligands that bind antibody constant regions.For example, a Protein A, Protein G, Protein A/G, or an antibodyaffinity column may be used to bind the constant region and to purify ananti-ICOS antibody. Hydrophobic interactive chromatography, for example,a butyl or phenyl column, may also suitable for purifying somepolypeptides such as antibodies. Ion exchange chromatography (forexample anion exchange chromatography and/or cation exchangechromatography) may also suitable for purifying some polypeptides suchas antibodies. Mixed-mode chromatography (for example reversedphase/anion exchange, reversed phase/cation exchange, hydrophilicinteraction/anion exchange, hydrophilic interaction/cation exchange,etc.) may also suitable for purifying some polypeptides such asantibodies. Many methods of purifying polypeptides are known in the art.

Cell-Free Production of Antibodies

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody is produced in a cell-freesystem. Nonlimiting exemplary cell-free systems are described, forexample, in Sitaraman et al., Methods Mol. Biol. 498: 229-44 (2009);Spirin, Trends Biotechnol. 22: 538-45 (2004); Endo et al., Biotechnol.Adv. 21: 695-713 (2003).

Antibody Compositions

In some embodiments, antibodies prepared by the methods described aboveare provided. In some embodiments, the antibody is prepared in a hostcell. In some embodiments, the antibody is prepared in a cell-freesystem. In some embodiments, the antibody is purified. In someembodiments, the antibody prepared in a host cell or a cell-free systemis a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, the antibody prepared in ahost cell or a cell-free system is a humanized antibody. In someembodiments, the antibody prepared in a host cell or a cell-free systemis a human antibody. In some embodiments, a cell culture mediacomprising an anti-ICOS antibody is provided. In some embodiments, ahost cell culture fluid comprising an anti-ICOS antibody is provided.

In some embodiments, compositions comprising antibodies prepared by themethods described above are provided. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises an antibody prepared in a host cell. In someembodiments, the composition comprises an antibody prepared in acell-free system. In some embodiments, the composition comprises apurified antibody. In some embodiments, the composition comprises achimeric antibody prepared in a host cell or a cell-free system. In someembodiments, the composition comprises a humanized antibody prepared ina host cell or a cell-free system. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises a human antibody prepared in a host cell or a cell-freesystem.

In some embodiments, a composition comprising anti-ICOS antibody at aconcentration of more than about any one of 10 mg/mL, 20 mg/mL, 30mg/mL, 40 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 60 mg/mL, 70 mg/mL, 80 mg/mL, 90 mg/mL, 100mg/mL, 125 mg/mL, 150 mg/mL, 175 mg/mL, 200 mg/mL, 225 mg/mL, or 250mg/mL is provided. In some embodiments, the composition comprises achimeric antibody prepared in a host cell or a cell-free system. In someembodiments, the composition comprises a humanized antibody prepared ina host cell or a cell-free system. In some embodiments, the compositioncomprises a human antibody prepared in a host cell or a cell-freesystem.

IV. Compositions and Methods

Methods, Polynucleotides, Compositions, and Kits Related to GeneExpression, RNA Signatures, Identifying Subjects, and/or PredictingResponsiveness

Provided herein are methods of using the anti-ICOS antibodies,polypeptides and polynucleotides for detection, diagnosis and monitoringof a disease, disorder or condition associated with the anti-ICOSantibody epitope expression (either increased or decreased relative to anormal sample, and/or inappropriate expression, such as presence ofexpression in tissues(s) and/or cell(s) that normally lack the epitopeexpression). Provided herein are methods of determining whether apatient will respond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy. In some embodiments,methods of identifying a subject who may benefit from treatment with ananti-ICOS antibody are provided. In some embodiments, methods ofpredicting responsiveness of a subject with cancer to an anti-ICOSantibody are provided.

In some embodiments, the method comprises detecting whether the patienthas cells that express ICOS using an anti-ICOS antibody. In someembodiments, the method of detection comprises contacting the samplewith an antibody, polypeptide, or polynucleotide and determining whetherthe level of binding differs from that of a reference or comparisonsample (such as a control). In some embodiments, the method may beuseful to determine whether the antibodies or polypeptides describedherein are an appropriate treatment for the subject.

In some embodiments, the cells or cell/tissue lysate are contacted withan anti-ICOS antibody and the binding between the antibody and the cellis determined. When the test cells are shown binding activity ascompared to a reference cell of the same tissue type, it may indicatethat the subject would benefit from treatment with an anti-ICOSantibody. In some embodiments, the test cells are from human tissues.

Various methods known in the art for detecting specific antibody-antigenbinding can be used. Exemplary immunoassays which can be conductedinclude fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA), fluorescenceimmunoassay (FIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), nephelometric inhibitionimmunoassay (NIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), andradioimmunoassay (MA). An indicator moiety, or label group, can beattached to the subject antibodies and is selected so as to meet theneeds of various uses of the method which are often dictated by theavailability of assay equipment and compatible immunoassay procedures.Appropriate labels include, without limitation, radionuclides (forexample ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ³⁵S, ³H, or ³²P), enzymes (for example, alkalinephosphatase, horseradish peroxidase, luciferase, or β-glactosidase),fluorescent moieties or proteins (for example, fluorescein, rhodamine,phycoerythrin, GFP, or BFP), or luminescent moieties (for example, Qdot™nanoparticles supplied by the Quantum Dot Corporation, Palo Alto,Calif.). General techniques to be used in performing the variousimmunoassays noted above are known to those of ordinary skill in theart.

In some embodiments, an immunohistochemistry assay, such as an automatedimmunohistochemistry assay, is used to detect ICOS expressing cells,e.g., in tissue samples such as human tissue samples (e.g., tonsiltissue), which can be human normal tissue samples or human tumor tissuesamples. In some embodiments, the tissue sample is an FFPE sample, suchas a clinical FFPE sample.

For purposes of diagnosis, the polypeptide including antibodies can belabeled with a detectable moiety including but not limited toradioisotopes, fluorescent labels, and various enzyme-substrate labelsknow in the art. Methods of conjugating labels to an antibody are knownin the art.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibodies need not be labeled, andthe presence thereof can be detected using a second labeled antibodywhich binds to the first anti-ICOS antibody.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody can be employed in any knownassay method, such as competitive binding assays, direct and indirectsandwich assays, and immunoprecipitation assays. Zola, MonoclonalAntibodies: A Manual of Techniques, pp. 147-158 (CRC Press, Inc. 1987).

The anti-ICOS antibodies and polypeptides can also be used for in vivodiagnostic assays, such as in vivo imaging. Generally, the antibody orthe polypeptide is labeled with a radionuclide (such as ¹¹¹In, ⁹⁹Tc,¹⁴C, ¹³¹I, ¹²⁵I, ³H, or any other radionuclide label, including thoseoutlined herein) so that the cells or tissue of interest can belocalized using immunoscintiography.

The antibody may also be used as staining reagent in pathology usingtechniques well known in the art.

In some embodiments, a first antibody is used for a diagnostic and asecond antibody is used as a therapeutic. In some embodiments, the firstand second antibodies are different. In some embodiments, the firstantibody is from a non-human, while the therapeutic is from a human. Insome embodiments, the first and second antibodies can both bind to theantigen at the same time, by binding to separate epitopes.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise determiningmicrosatellite instability (MSI) by PCR. In some embodiments,determining microsatellite instability comprises detecting geneticinstability at one or more markers (loci): BAT25, BAT26, D5S346, D2S123,and D17S250. See, e.g., Boland et al., 1998, Cancer Res. 58: 5248-5257.In some embodiments, if genetic instability is detected at 2 or more ofthe 5 loci, the cancer is MSI-high. In some embodiments, if geneticinstability is detected at 1 of the 5 loci, the cancer is MSI-low. Insome embodiments, if genetic instability is detected at none of the 5loci, the cancer is MSS.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise determiningmicrosatellite instability (MSI) by IHC. See, e.g., AMA and NCHPEGColorectal Cancer Fact Sheets: 11-0456:2/12:jt:Updated February 2012. Insome embodiments, determining microsatellite instability comprisesdetecting one or more mismatch repair proteins selected from MLH1, MSH2,PMS2, and MSH6 by IHC. In some embodiments, if one or more of themismatch repair proteins is not detected by IHC, the cancer isMSI-positive.

In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise measuring anmRNA level. In some embodiments, the methods provided herein comprisemeasuring an ICOS RNA signature, e.g., a plurality of mRNA levels thatare predictive of or correlated to ICOS expression. In some embodiments,the ICOS RNA signature comprises at least two, at least three, at leastfour, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, atleast nine, or at least ten mRNA levels, the mRNA levels being levels ofmRNAs selected from Table 6.

Any suitable method of determining mRNA levels may be used. Methods forthe evaluation of mRNAs include, for example, hybridization assays usingcomplementary DNA probes (such as in situ hybridization using labeledriboprobes specific for target sequences, Northern blot and relatedtechniques) and various nucleic acid amplification assays (such asRT-PCR using complementary primers specific for target sequences andother amplification type detection methods, such as, for example,branched DNA, SISBA, TMA and the like).

In some embodiments, the mRNA level is determined by quantitativeRT-PCR. In some embodiments, the mRNA level is determined by digitalPCR. In some embodiments, the mRNA level is determined by RNA-Seq. Insome embodiments, the mRNA level is determined by RNase Protection Assay(RPA). In some embodiments, the mRNA level is determined by Northernblot. In some embodiments, the mRNA level is determined by in situhybridization (ISH). In some embodiments, the mRNA level is determinedby a method selected from quantitative RT-PCR, microarray, digital PCR,RNA-Seq, RNase Protection Assay (RPA), Northern blot, and in situhybridization (ISH).

RNA-seq is a technique based on enumeration of RNA transcripts usingnext-generation sequencing methodologies. The level of an mRNA isdetermined using the frequency of observation of fragments of itssequence. For a review of RNA-Seq, see, e.g., Wang et al., Nat. Rev.Genet. (2009) 10:57-63.

A Northern blot involves the use of electrophoresis to separate RNAsamples by size, and detection with a hybridization probe complementaryto part of or the entire target sequence. For a discussion of Northernblotting see, e.g., Trayhurn, P. (1996) Northern Blotting. Pro.Nutrition Soc. 55:583-589.

Quantitative RT-PCR involves reverse-transcribing mRNA and thenamplifying the cDNA with a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) which ismonitored in real time, e.g., by measuring fluorescence, wherein dyesignal is a readout of the amount of product. The dye can be, e.g., anintercalating dye, or a dye attached to a probe also comprising aquencher, wherein degradation of the probe releases the dye and resultsin fluorescence, the degradation being catalyzed by an exonucleaseactivity driven by product formation, as in the TaqMan® assay. In someembodiments of the invention, a method for detecting a target mRNA in abiological sample comprises producing cDNA from the sample by reversetranscription using at least one primer; amplifying the cDNA so producedusing a target polynucleotide as sense and antisense primers to amplifytarget cDNAs therein; and detecting the presence of the amplified targetcDNA. In addition, such methods can include one or more steps that allowone to determine the levels of target mRNA in a biological sample (e.g.,by simultaneously examining the levels a reference mRNA sequence, e.g.,a “housekeeping” gene such as an actin family member or the referenceRNAs discussed below). Optionally, the sequence of the amplified targetcDNA can be determined.

In Digital PCR, a sample is partitioned into a plurality of reactionareas and PCR is conducted in the areas. The number of areas that arepositive, i.e., in which detectable product formation occurs, can beused to determine the level of the target sequence in the originalsample.

In an RPA, a sample is contacted with a probe under hybridizationconditions and then with a single-stranded RNA nuclease. Formation ofdouble-stranded complexes of probe with target protect the probe fromdegradation, such that the amount of probe remaining can be used todetermine the level of the target.

In ISH, a cell or tissue sample is contacted with a probe thathybridizes to a target RNA and hybridization is detected to determinethe level of the target.

In some embodiments, methods include protocols which examine or detectmRNAs, such as target mRNAs, in a tissue or cell sample by microarraytechnologies. Using nucleic acid microarrays, test and control mRNAsamples from test and control tissue samples are reverse transcribed andlabeled to generate cDNA probes. The probes are then hybridized to anarray of nucleic acids immobilized on a solid support. The array isconfigured such that the sequence and position of each member of thearray is known. Hybridization of a labeled probe with a particular arraymember indicates that the sample from which the probe was derivedexpresses that gene. Differential gene expression analysis of diseasetissue can provide valuable information. Microarray technology utilizesnucleic acid hybridization techniques and computing technology toevaluate the mRNA expression profile of thousands of genes within asingle experiment (see, e.g., WO 01/75166 published Oct. 11, 2001; U.S.Pat. No. 5,700,637; U.S. Pat. No. 5,445,934; and U.S. Pat. No.5,807,522; Lockart, Nature Biotechnology, 14:1675-1680 (1996); Cheung,V. G. et al., Nature Genetics 21(Suppl):15-19 (1999) for a discussion ofarray fabrication). DNA microarrays are miniature arrays containing genefragments that are either synthesized directly onto or spotted ontoglass or other substrates. Thousands of genes are usually represented ina single array. A typical microarray experiment involves the followingsteps: 1) preparation of fluorescently labeled target from RNA isolatedfrom the sample, 2) hybridization of the labeled target to themicroarray, 3) washing, staining, and scanning of the array, 4) analysisof the scanned image and 5) generation of gene expression profiles. Twotypes of DNA microarrays are oligonucleotide (usually 25 to 70 mers)arrays and gene expression arrays containing PCR products prepared fromcDNAs. In forming an array, oligonucleotides can be either prefabricatedand spotted to the surface or directly synthesized on to the surface (insitu). In some embodiments, a DNA microarray is a single-nucleotidepolymorphism (SNP) microarrays, e.g., Affymetrix® SNP Array 6.0.

The Affymetrix GeneChip® system is a commercially available microarraysystem which comprises arrays fabricated by direct synthesis ofoligonucleotides on a glass surface. Probe/Gene Arrays:Oligonucleotides, usually 25 mers, are directly synthesized onto a glasswafer by a combination of semiconductor-based photolithography and solidphase chemical synthesis technologies. Each array contains up to 400,000different oligos and each oligo is present in millions of copies. Sinceoligonucleotide probes are synthesized in known locations on the array,the hybridization patterns and signal intensities can be interpreted interms of gene identity and relative levels by the Affymetrix MicroarraySuite software. Each gene is represented on the array by a series ofdifferent oligonucleotide probes. Each probe pair consists of a perfectmatch oligonucleotide and a mismatch oligonucleotide. The perfect matchprobe has a sequence exactly complimentary to the particular gene andthus measures the expression of the gene. The mismatch probe differsfrom the perfect match probe by a single base substitution at the centerbase position, disturbing the binding of the target gene transcript.This helps to determine the background and nonspecific hybridizationthat contributes to the signal measured for the perfect match oligo. TheMicroarray Suite software subtracts the hybridization intensities of themismatch probes from those of the perfect match probes to determine theabsolute or specific intensity value for each probe set. Probes arechosen based on current information from Genbank and other nucleotiderepositories. The sequences are believed to recognize unique regions ofthe 3′ end of the gene. A GeneChip Hybridization Oven (“rotisserie”oven) is used to carry out the hybridization of up to 64 arrays at onetime. The fluidics station performs washing and staining of the probearrays. It is completely automated and contains four modules, with eachmodule holding one probe array. Each module is controlled independentlythrough Microarray Suite software using preprogrammed fluidicsprotocols. The scanner is a confocal laser fluorescence scanner whichmeasures fluorescence intensity emitted by the labeled cRNA bound to theprobe arrays. The computer workstation with Microarray Suite softwarecontrols the fluidics station and the scanner. Microarray Suite softwarecan control up to eight fluidics stations using preprogrammedhybridization, wash, and stain protocols for the probe array. Thesoftware also acquires and converts hybridization intensity data into apresence/absence call for each gene using appropriate algorithms.Finally, the software detects changes in gene expression betweenexperiments by comparison analysis and formats the output into .txtfiles, which can be used with other software programs for further dataanalysis.

In some embodiments, for example when quantitative RT-PCR is used, thethreshold cycle number is compared between two mRNAs, and the lowerthreshold indicates a higher level of the respective mRNA. As anonlimiting example, in some embodiments, if levels of ICOS mRNA and atleast one reference mRNA are analyzed and the threshold cycle number(Ct) for ICOS is 28 and the Ct for the reference mRNA is 30, then ICOSis at a higher level compared to the reference. In various embodiments,similar comparisons may be carried out for any type of quantitative orsemi-quantitative analytical method.

In some embodiments, the level of at least one mRNA is normalized. Insome embodiments, the level of at least two mRNAs are normalized andcompared to each other. In some embodiments, such normalization mayallow comparison of mRNA levels when the levels are not determinedsimultaneously and/or in the same assay reaction. One skilled in the artcan select a suitable basis for normalization, such as at least onereference mRNA or other factor, depending on the assay.

In some embodiments, the at least one reference mRNA comprises ahousekeeping gene. In some embodiments, the at least one reference mRNAcomprises one or more of RPLP0, PPIA, TUBB, ACTB, YMHAZ, B2M, UBC, TBP,GUSB, HPRT1, or GAPDH.

Provided herein are also polynucleotides, kits, medicines, compositions,and unit dosage forms suitable for use in any of the methods describedherein.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide provided herein is isolated. Insome embodiments, a polynucleotide provided herein is detectablylabeled, e.g., with a radioisotope, a fluorescent agent, or achromogenic agent. In another embodiment, a polynucleotide is a primer.In another embodiment, a polynucleotide is an oligonucleotide, e.g., anmRNA-specific oligonucleotide. In another embodiment, an oligonucleotidemay be, for example, from 7-60 nucleotides in length, 9-45 nucleotidesin length, 15-30 nucleotides in length, or 18-25 nucleotides in length.In another embodiment, an oligonucleotide may be, e.g., PNA,morpholino-phosphoramidates, LNA, or 2′-alkoxyalkoxy. Polynucleotides asprovided herein are useful, e.g., for the detection of target sequences,such as a sequence contained within the mRNAs in Table 6 or a referencemRNA, such as the reference mRNAs discussed above. Detection can involvehybridization, amplification, and/or sequencing, as discussed above.

In some embodiments, a composition is provided comprising a plurality ofpolynucleotides, the plurality comprising at least a firstpolynucleotide specific for a first mRNA and a second polynucleotidespecific for a second mRNA, the first and second mRNAs being selectedfrom the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, the plurality furthercomprises a third polynucleotide specific for a third mRNA, the thirdmRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, theplurality further comprises a fourth polynucleotide specific for afourth mRNA, the fourth mRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6.In some embodiments, the plurality further comprises a fifthpolynucleotide specific for a fifth mRNA, the fifth mRNA being selectedfrom the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, the plurality furthercomprises a sixth polynucleotide specific for a sixth mRNA, the sixthmRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, theplurality further comprises a seventh polynucleotide specific for aseventh mRNA, the seventh mRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6.In some embodiments, the plurality further comprises an eighthpolynucleotide specific for a eighth mRNA, the eighth mRNA beingselected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, the pluralityfurther comprises a ninth polynucleotide specific for a ninth mRNA, theninth mRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In someembodiments, the plurality further comprises a tenth polynucleotidespecific for a tenth mRNA, the tenth mRNA being selected from the mRNAsin Table 6. It is understood that the use of ordinals (“first,”“second,” etc.) to designate polynucleotides or mRNAs indicates that thepolynucleotides or mRNAs, as the case may be, are not identical to eachother.

In some embodiments, a composition comprises cells or tissue obtainedfrom a subject. In some embodiments, a composition comprises mRNAisolated from a subject. In some embodiments, a composition comprisescDNA synthesized from mRNA isolated from a subject.

In some embodiments, a composition comprises at least one polynucleotideor a plurality of polynucleotides suitable for use in detecting at leastone reference mRNA. In some embodiments, a composition comprisesreagents for performing hybridization and/or amplification, such asquantitative RT-PCR, microarray, digital PCR, RNA-Seq, RPA, Northernblot, or in situ hybridization ISH. Such reagents can include one ormore of an enzyme with reverse transcriptase activity, a DNA polymerase(which may be thermophilic), an intercalating dye, dNTPs, buffer, asingle-strand RNA nuclease, detergent, fixative (e.g., formaldehyde),cosolvent (e.g., formamide), etc.

In some embodiments, a kit is provided including one or more containerscomprising at least one polynucleotide specific for an mRNA selectedfrom the mRNAs in Table 6 or a plurality of polynucleotides, theplurality comprising at least a first polynucleotide specific for afirst mRNA and a second polynucleotide specific for a second mRNA, thefirst and second mRNAs being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In someembodiments, the plurality further comprises a third polynucleotidespecific for a third mRNA, the third mRNA being selected from the mRNAsin Table 6. In some embodiments, the plurality further comprises afourth polynucleotide specific for a fourth mRNA, the fourth mRNA beingselected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, the pluralityfurther comprises a fifth polynucleotide specific for a fifth mRNA, thefifth mRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In someembodiments, the plurality further comprises a sixth polynucleotidespecific for a sixth mRNA, the sixth mRNA being selected from the mRNAsin Table 6. In some embodiments, the plurality further comprises aseventh polynucleotide specific for a seventh mRNA, the seventh mRNAbeing selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, theplurality further comprises an eighth polynucleotide specific for aneighth mRNA, the eighth mRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6.In some embodiments, the plurality further comprises a ninthpolynucleotide specific for a ninth mRNA, the ninth mRNA being selectedfrom the mRNAs in Table 6. In some embodiments, the plurality furthercomprises a tenth polynucleotide specific for a tenth mRNA, the tenthmRNA being selected from the mRNAs in Table 6. It is understood that theuse of ordinals (“first,” “second,” etc.) to designate polynucleotidesor mRNAs indicates that the polynucleotides or mRNAs, as the case maybe, are not identical to each other. In some embodiments, the kitincludes one or more containers comprising at least one polynucleotideor a plurality of polynucleotides suitable for use in detecting at leastone reference mRNA. In some embodiments, the kit comprises one or morecontainers comprising reagents for performing hybridization and/oramplification, such as quantitative RT-PCR, microarray, digital PCR,RNA-Seq, RNase Protection Assay (RPA), Northern blot, and in situhybridization (ISH). Such reagents can include one or more of an enzymewith reverse transcriptase activity, a DNA polymerase (which may bethermophilic), an intercalating dye, dNTPs, buffer, a single-strand RNAnuclease, detergent, fixative (e.g., formaldehyde), cosolvent (e.g.,formamide), etc.

Kits can include one or more containers comprising an anti-ICOS antibody(or unit dosage forms and/or articles of manufacture). In someembodiments, a unit dosage is provided wherein the unit dosage containsa predetermined amount of a composition comprising an anti-ICOSantibody, with or without one or more additional agents. In someembodiments, such a unit dosage is supplied in single-use prefilledsyringe for injection. In some embodiments, the composition contained inthe unit dosage can comprise saline, sucrose, or the like; a buffer,such as phosphate, or the like; and/or be formulated within a stable andeffective pH range. In some embodiments, the composition can be providedas a lyophilized powder that may be reconstituted upon addition of anappropriate liquid, for example, sterile water. In some embodiments, thecomposition comprises one or more substances that inhibit proteinaggregation, including, but not limited to, sucrose and arginine. Insome embodiments, a composition comprises heparin and/or a proteoglycan.

In some embodiments, the amount of the anti-ICOS antibody used in theunit dose can be any of the amounts provided herein for the variousmethods and/or compositions described.

In some embodiments, kits further comprise instructions for use in thetreatment of cancer or for detection of at least one mRNA level or RNAsignature in accordance with any of the methods described herein. Thekit may further comprise a description of selection an individualsuitable or treatment. Instructions supplied in the kits are typicallywritten instructions on a label or package insert (for example, a papersheet included in the kit), but machine-readable instructions (forexample, instructions carried on a magnetic or optical storage disk) arealso acceptable. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises two ormore therapeutic agents.

The kits are in suitable packaging. Suitable packaging includes, but isnot limited to, vials, bottles, jars, flexible packaging (for example,sealed Mylar or plastic bags), and the like. Kits may optionally provideadditional components such as buffers and interpretative information.The present application thus also provides articles of manufacture,which include vials (such as sealed vials), bottles, jars, flexiblepackaging, and the like.

Methods of Treating Diseases Using Anti-ICOS Antibodies

Antibodies and compositions comprising antibodies are provided for usein methods of treatment for humans or animals. Methods of treatingdisease comprising administering anti-ICOS antibodies are also provided.Nonlimiting exemplary diseases that can be treated with anti-ICOSantibodies include, but are not limited to cancer.

In some embodiments, a method of treating a tumor is provided, whereincells within a sample of the tumor express ICOS. In some suchembodiments, the tumor may be considered to be ICOS-positive, or toexpress ICOS. Expression of ICOS may be determined by IHC, e.g., asdiscussed herein. In some embodiments, a tumor is considered to expressICOS when a sample from the tumor shows 1+, 2+, or 3+ staining of ICOSby IHC. In some embodiments, the sample from the tumor shows 2+ or 3+staining of ICOS by IHC. In some embodiments, a tumor sample from asubject is analyzed for ICOS expression and the subject is selected fortreatment with an antibody described herein if the tumor sample showsICOS expression. In some embodiments, the subject is selected if thetumor sample shows elevated expression of ICOS.

In some embodiments, a subject is selected for treatment with ananti-ICOS antibody provided herein if the subject's tumor isPD-L1^(LOW). In some embodiments, a subject is selected for treatmentwith an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein if the subject's tumor isICOS^(HIGH)/PD-L1^(LOW). In some embodiments, a subject is selected fortreatment with an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein if the subject'stumor is ICOS^(HIGH)/PD-L1^(HIGH).

The anti-ICOS antibody can be administered as needed to subjects.Determination of the frequency of administration can be made by personsskilled in the art, such as an attending physician based onconsiderations of the condition being treated, age of the subject beingtreated, severity of the condition being treated, general state ofhealth of the subject being treated and the like. In some embodiments,an effective dose of an anti-ICOS antibody is administered to a subjectone or more times. In some embodiments, an effective dose of ananti-ICOS antibody is administered to the subject once a month, lessthan once a month, such as, for example, every two months or every threemonths. In some embodiments, an effective dose of an anti-ICOS antibodyis administered less than once a month, such as, for example, once everythree weeks, once every two weeks, or once every week. An effective doseof an anti-ICOS antibody is administered to the subject at least once.In some embodiments, the effective dose of an anti-ICOS antibody may beadministered multiple times, including for periods of at least a month,at least six months, or at least a year.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are administered in anamount effective for treatment of (including prophylaxis of) cancer. Thetherapeutically effective amount is typically dependent on the weight ofthe subject being treated, his or her physical or health condition, theextensiveness of the condition to be treated, or the age of the subjectbeing treated. In general, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered inan amount in the range of about 10 μg/kg body weight to about 100 mg/kgbody weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may beadministered in an amount in the range of about 50 μg/kg body weight toabout 5 mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOSantibodies may be administered in an amount in the range of about 100μg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weight per dose. In someembodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered in an amount inthe range of about 100 μg/kg body weight to about 20 mg/kg body weightper dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administeredin an amount in the range of about 0.5 mg/kg body weight to about 20mg/kg body weight per dose.

Pharmaceutical compositions are administered in an amount effective forincreasing the number of Teff cells; activating Teff cells; depletingTreg cells; and/or increasing the ratio of Teff cells to Treg cells. Insome embodiments, the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells. In someembodiments, the Teff cells are CD8+ T cells. In some embodiments, theTeff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells and CD8+ T cells.

In some embodiments, treatment with anti-ICOS antibody results in apharmacodynamics readout, such as up-regulation of ICOS ligand (ICOSL).In some embodiments, up-regulation of ICOSL is observed on the surfaceof B cells. In some embodiments, up-regulation of ICOSL is observed onthe surface of granulocytes. In some embodiments, up-regulation of ICOSLis observed on the surface of neutrophils. Up-regulation of ICOSL may beobserved on cells in the tumor; on cells in the spleen; on cells inperipheral blood. Up-regulation of ICOSL on the cell surface can bedetected, for example, by flow cytometry. In some embodiments, solubleICOSL is increased in the serum following treatment with anti-ICOSantibody. Soluble ICOSL can be detected by methods including, but notlimited to, ELISA, MSD, and mass spectrometry. In some embodiments, ICOStarget engagement, as measured by availability of free-receptor, byanti-ICOS antibodies may also be used as a pharmacodynamics readout. Insome such embodiments, upon treatment by an anti-ICOS antibody, thenumber of ICOS receptors on the surface of T lymphocytes that are freeto bind additional antibodies may be quantified. Decrease in observedavailable receptors may serve as an indication that anti-ICOS antibodiesare binding their target molecule.

The therapeutically effective amount is typically dependent on theweight of the subject being treated, his or her physical or healthcondition, the extensiveness of the condition to be treated, or the ageof the subject being treated. In general, anti-ICOS antibodies may beadministered in an amount in the range of about 10 μg/kg body weight toabout 100 mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOSantibodies may be administered in an amount in the range of about 50μg/kg body weight to about 5 mg/kg body weight per dose. In someembodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered in an amount inthe range of about 100 μg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weightper dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administeredin an amount in the range of about 100 μg/kg body weight to about 20mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodiesmay be administered in an amount in the range of about 0.5 mg/kg bodyweight to about 20 mg/kg body weight per dose.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

In some embodiments, compositions comprising anti-ICOS antibodies areprovided in formulations with a wide variety of pharmaceuticallyacceptable carriers (see, for example, Gennaro, Remington: The Scienceand Practice of Pharmacy with Facts and Comparisons: Drugfacts Plus,20th ed. (2003); Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and DrugDelivery Systems, 7^(th) ed., Lippencott Williams and Wilkins (2004);Kibbe et al., Handbook of Pharmaceutical Excipients, 3^(rd) ed.,Pharmaceutical Press (2000)). Various pharmaceutically acceptablecarriers, which include vehicles, adjuvants, and diluents, areavailable. Moreover, various pharmaceutically acceptable auxiliarysubstances, such as pH adjusting and buffering agents, tonicityadjusting agents, stabilizers, wetting agents and the like, are alsoavailable. Non-limiting exemplary carriers include saline, bufferedsaline, dextrose, water, glycerol, ethanol, and combinations thereof.

In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition comprising ananti-ICOS antibody is provided. In some embodiments, the pharmaceuticalcomposition comprises a chimeric antibody. In some embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition comprises a humanized antibody. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises an antibodyprepared in a host cell or cell-free system as described herein. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier.

In some embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions are administered in anamount effective for treatment of (including prophylaxis of) cancer. Thetherapeutically effective amount is typically dependent on the weight ofthe subject being treated, his or her physical or health condition, theextensiveness of the condition to be treated, or the age of the subjectbeing treated. In general, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered inan amount in the range of about 0.05 mg/kg body weight to about 100mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodiesmay be administered in an amount in the range of about 10 μg/kg bodyweight to about 100 mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments,anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered in an amount in the range ofabout 50 μg/kg body weight to about 5 mg/kg body weight per dose. Insome embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered in an amountin the range of about 100 μg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg bodyweight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may beadministered in an amount in the range of about 100 μg/kg body weight toabout 20 mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOSantibodies may be administered in an amount in the range of about 0.5mg/kg body weight to about 20 mg/kg body weight per dose. In someembodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered in an amount inthe range of about 0.5 mg/kg body weight to about 10 mg/kg body weightper dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies may be administeredin an amount in the range of about 0.05 mg/kg body weight to about 20mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodiesmay be administered in an amount in the range of about 0.05 mg/kg bodyweight to about 10 mg/kg body weight per dose. In some embodiments,anti-ICOS antibodies may be administered in an amount in the range ofabout 5 mg/kg body weight or lower, for example less than 4, less than3, less than 2, or less than 1 mg/kg of the antibody.

In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies can be present in an amount inthe range of about 50 μg/kg body weight to about 5 mg/kg body weight perdose. For example, in some embodiments, a dose for a 20 kg person can bewithin a range of about 1 mg to about 100 mg. In some embodiments, thedose can be within a range of 2 mg to 200 mg of the anti-ICOS antibody.In some embodiments, the dose can be within a range of 10 mg to 400 mgof the anti-ICOS antibody.

Routes of Administration

In some embodiments, anti-ICOS antibodies can be administered in vivo byvarious routes, including, but not limited to, intravenous,intra-arterial, parenteral, intratumoral, intraperitoneal orsubcutaneous. The appropriate formulation and route of administrationmay be selected according to the intended application.

Combination Therapy

Anti-ICOS antibodies can be administered alone or with other modes oftreatment. They can be provided before, substantially contemporaneouswith, and/or after other modes of treatment, for example, surgery,chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or the administration of a biologic,such as another therapeutic antibody. In some embodiments, an anti-ICOSantibody is administered in conjunction with another anti-cancer agent.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is given concurrently with asecond therapeutic agent. For example, the two or more therapeuticagents are administered with a time separation of no more than about 60minutes, such as no more than about any of 30, 15, 10, 5, or 1 minutes.In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is administered sequentiallywith a second therapeutic agent. For example, administration of the twoor more therapeutic agents are administered with a time separation ofmore than about 15 minutes, such as about any of 20, 30, 40, 50, or 60minutes, 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 1 month, or longer.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody is administered with asecond therapeutic method for treatment. Thus, the administration of anantibody provided herein can be in combination with another system oftreatment.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered with a PD-1 therapy. Exemplary PD-1 therapies include, butare not limited to, nivolumab (OPDIVO®, BMS-936558, MDX-1106, ONO-4538);pidilizumab, lambrolizumab/pembrolizumab (KEYTRUDA, MK-3475); durvalumab(anti-PD-L1 antibody, MEDI-4736; AstraZeneca/MedImmune); RG-7446;avelumab (anti-PD-L1 antibody; MSB-0010718C; Pfizer); AMP-224;BMS-936559 (anti-PD-L1 antibody); AMP-514; MDX-1105; ANB-011;anti-LAG-3/PD-1; anti-PD-1 antibody (CoStim); anti-PD-1 antibody (KadmonPharm.); anti-PD-1 antibody (Immunovo); anti-TIM-3/PD-1 antibody(AnaptysBio); anti-PD-L1 antibody (CoStim/Novartis); RG7446/MPDL3280A(anti-PD-L1 antibody, Genentech/Roche); KD-033, PD-1 antagonist(Agenus); STI-A1010; STI-A1110; TSR-042; and other antibodies that aredirected against programmed death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death ligand 1(PD-L1).

In some embodiments, a subject is selected for treatment with ananti-ICOS antibody provided herein and a PD-1 therapy if the subject'stumor expresses PD-L1. In some embodiments, a subject is selected fortreatment with an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein and a PD-1 therapyif the subject's tumor is PD-L1^(HIGH). In some embodiments, a subjectis selected for treatment with an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein anda PD-1 therapy if the subject's tumor expresses ICOS and PD-L1. In someembodiments, a subject is selected for treatment with an anti-ICOSantibody provided herein and a PD-1 therapy if the subject's tumor isICOS^(HIGH)/PD-L1^(HIGH). Determining the level of PD-L1 and/or ICOS maybe determined, for example, using IHC. A patient's tumor is consideredto express PD-L1, in some embodiments, when 1% or more, or 5% or more,of the tumor cells in a sample show PD-L1 membrane staining by IHC. Insome embodiments, more than 50% of the tumor cells in a sample showPD-L1 membrane staining by IHC. In some such embodiments, the subject'stumor is considered to be PD-L1^(HIGH). A patient's tumor is consideredto express ICOS, in some embodiments, when 1% or more of the cells in atumor sample show ICOS staining by IHC. In some embodiments, a subjectis first treated with a PD-1 therapy, and is later treated with ananti-ICOS antibody provided herein, with or without continuing the PD-1therapy. Thus, methods provided herein include treatment of a subjectwith an anti-ICOS antibody, wherein the subject has previously beentreated with a PD-1 therapy.

In some embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered with an agonist anti-OX40 antibody (such as Medi6469,MedImmune; MOXR0916/RG7888, Roche). In some embodiments, the anti-ICOSantibody provided herein is administered with an anti-CTLA4 antibody(such as ipilimumab, YERVOY®, BMS).

In some embodiments, an additional therapeutic agent is achemotherapeutic agent. Exemplary chemotherapeutic agents that may becombined with the anti-ICOS antibodies provided herein include, but arenot limited to, capectiabine, cyclophosphamide, dacarbazine,temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, docetaxel, doxorubicin, daunorubicin,cisplatin, carboplatin, epirubicin, eribulin, 5-FU, gemcitabine,irinotecan, ixabepilone, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin,paclitaxel, nab-paclitaxel, ABRAXANE® (protein-bound paclitaxel),pemetrexed, vinorelbine, and vincristine. In some embodiments, ananti-ICOS antibody provided herein is administered with at least onekinase inhibitor. Nonlimiting exemplary kinase inhibitors includeerlotinib, afatinib, gefitinib, crizotinib, dabrafenib, trametinib,vemurafenib, and cobimetanib.

In some embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent is an IDOinhibitor. Nonlimiting exemplary IDO inhibitors are described, e.g., inUS 2016/0060237; and US 2015/0352206. Nonlimiting exemplary IDOinhibitors include Indoximod (New Link Genetics), INCB024360 (IncyteCorp), 1-methyl-D-tryptophan (New Link Genetics), and GDC-0919(Genentech).

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered in combination with an immune-modifying drug (IMiD).Nonlimiting exemplary IMiDs include thalidomide, lenalidomide, andpomalidomide.

In some embodiments, an additional therapeutic agent is a cancervaccine. Cancer vaccines have been investigated as a potential approachfor antigen transfer and activation of dendritic cells. In particular,vaccination in combination with immunologic checkpoints or agonists forco-stimulatory pathways have shown evidence of overcoming tolerance andgenerating increased anti-tumor response. A range of cancer vaccineshave been tested that employ different approaches to promoting an immuneresponse against the tumor (see, e.g., Emens L A, Expert Opin EmergDrugs 13(2): 295-308 (2008)). Approaches have been designed to enhancethe response of B cells, T cells, or professional antigen-presentingcells against tumors. Exemplary types of cancer vaccines include, butare not limited to, peptide-based vaccines that employ targetingdistinct tumor antigens, which may be delivered as peptides/proteins oras genetically-engineered DNA vectors, viruses, bacteria, or the like;and cell biology approaches, for example, for cancer vaccine developmentagainst less well-defined targets, including, but not limited to,vaccines developed from patient-derived dendritic cells, autologoustumor cells or tumor cell lysates, allogeneic tumor cells, and the like.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the anti-ICOS antibodies provided hereinmay be used in combination with a cancer vaccine. Exemplary cancervaccines include, but are not limited to, dendritic cell vaccines,oncolytic viruses, tumor cell vaccines, etc. In some embodiments, suchvaccines augment the anti-tumor response. Examples of cancer vaccinesthat can be used in combination with anti-ICOS antibodies providedherein include, but are not limited to, MAGE3 vaccine (e.g., formelanoma and bladder cancer), MUC1 vaccine (e.g., for breast cancer),EGFRv3 (such as Rindopepimut, e.g., for brain cancer, includingglioblastoma multiforme), or ALVAC-CEA (e.g., for CEA+ cancers).

Nonlimiting exemplary cancer vaccines also include Sipuleucel-T, whichis derived from autologous peripheral-blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)that include antigen-presenting cells (see, e.g., Kantoff P W et al., NEngl J Med 363:411-22 (2010)). In Sipuleucel-T generation, the patient'sPBMCs are activated ex vivo with PA2024, a recombinant fusion protein ofprostatic acid phosphatase (a prostate antigen) andgranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (an immune-cellactivator). Another approach to a candidate cancer vaccine is togenerate an immune response against specific peptides mutated in tumortissue, such as melanoma (see, e.g., Carreno B M et al., Science348:6236 (2015)). Such mutated peptides may, in some embodiments, bereferred to as neoantigens. As a nonlimiting example of the use ofneoantigens in tumor vaccines, neoantigens in the tumor predicted tobind the major histocompatibility complex protein HLA-A*02:01 areidentified for individual patients with a cancer, such as melanoma.Dendritic cells from the patient are matured ex vivo, then incubatedwith neoantigens. The activated dendritic cells are then administered tothe patient. In some embodiments, following administration of the cancervaccine, robust T-cell immunity against the neoantigen is detectable.

In some such embodiments, the cancer vaccine is developed using aneoantigen. In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine is a DNA vaccine. Insome embodiments, the cancer vaccine is an engineered virus comprising acancer antigen, such as PROSTVAC (rilimogene galvacirepvec/rilimogeneglafolivec). In some embodiments, the cancer vaccine comprisesengineered tumor cells, such as GVAX, which is a granulocyte-macrophagecolony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transfected tumor cell vaccine(see, e.g., Nemunaitis, 2005, Expert Rev Vaccines, 4: 259-74).

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody described herein isadministered before, concurrently, and/or after a cancer vaccine. Insome embodiments, cancer vaccines developed using neoantigens are usedin combination with the anti-ICOS antibodies described herein. In somesuch embodiments, the combination is used to treat a cancer with a highmutational burden, such as melanoma, lung, bladder, or colorectalcancer.

In some embodiments, an anti-ICOS antibody provided herein isadministered in combination with a chimeric antigen receptor T celltherapy (CAR-T therapy).

EXAMPLES

The examples discussed below are intended to be purely exemplary of theinvention and should not be considered to limit the invention in anyway. The examples are not intended to represent that the experimentsbelow are all or the only experiments performed. Efforts have been madeto ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (for example, amounts,temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should beaccounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight,molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is indegrees Centigrade, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

Example 1: Bioinformatics Analysis of ICOS mRNA Expression in HumanTumors

Utilizing RNA sequencing data collected as part of TCGA, ICOS expressionin 7500 tumors was compared across 24 different indications. High ICOSmRNA levels were found in subsets of head & neck squamous cell cancer(HNSCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and triple negative breastcancer (TNBC). See FIG. 1A.

The association between T cell infiltration and levels of ICOSexpression was investigated. Expression of a set of 12 chemokine geneshas been associated with high levels of T cell infiltration andformation of lymph node-like structures (Messina et al., 2012, SciReports. 2:765-771). The chemokine signature score was computed for eachsample based on the average expression of these 12 chemokine genes. Thissignature score was calculated across all of the head and neck squamouscell cancer samples (HNSCC). Levels of the chemokine signature or a Tregcell marker (FoxP3) with ICOS levels in HNSCC tumors were correlated.See FIG. 2. There was a strong correlation between chemokine signatureand ICOS levels (R=0.83; Spearman correlation) or ICOS and FoxP3, a Tregcell marker (R=0.88; Spearman correlation). These data demonstrate thatICOS expression is closely associated with T cell infiltration and Tregcells. Similar data was observed in NSCLC and TNBC.

In the HNSCC tumors, ICOS expression was significantly correlated(R=0.93 and 0.78 respectively) with expression levels of other checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. See FIG. 3. The correlation ofICOS with PD-L1 was weak (R=0.62). Similar data was observed in otherindications such as NSCLC. These data suggest that ICOS may be expressedon the same T cells that are expressing other checkpoint molecules suchas CTLA-4 and PD-1. The weaker correlation with PD-L1 and ICOS suggestthat there could be a subset of ICOS high patients that could be PD-L1low or negative. These data are supportive of ICOS as a single agent inPD-L1 negative patients and also a combination strategy with anti-PD-1or anti-CTLA-4 therapies.

Example 2: IHC Analysis of Human Tumors

ICOS protein expression levels were determined using animmunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. This assay, using a rabbit anti-ICOSmonoclonal antibody (SP98, Spring Biosciences, Pleasanton, Calif.), wasvalidated for assay specificity, assay precision (intra-run andinter-run, and lot-to-lot reproducibility), and sensitivity. Thevalidation studies were performed using formalin-fixed, paraffinembedded (FFPE) tissue sections and control cell lines (CHO engineeredto express human ICOS (positive control) or non-ICOS expressing CHOvector control cell line (negative control)). The assay was performed ona Leica-Bond Rx automated staining platform and specific staining ofICOS was detected in the positive control CHO cells and in T cellsubsets in normal human tonsil.

Slides were scored by a trained pathologist using the following criteriafor chromogenic staining:

Frequency of ICOS-positive cells Score <1% cells are ICOS positive0  >1% but <5% cells are ICOS positive 1+ >5% but <15% cells are ICOSpositive 2+ >15% cells are ICOS positive 3+

Tissue microarrays from 11 different tumor types were stained andclassified using this scoring system. See FIG. 1B. The IHC dataconfirmed the mRNA based data in that HNSCC, NSCLC and TNBC containedthe greatest percentage of high ICOS+ immune cell infiltration (i.e.,3+). See FIG. 1B. In addition to these tumors, subsets of patients frommelanoma, colorectal cancer and gastric adenocarcinoma had moderatelevels of ICOS-positive cell infiltration. See FIG. 1B.

To evaluate the prevalence and nature of T cells that express ICOS, amultiplex immuno-fluorescence IHC assay for detecting ICOS, FOXP3 andCD8 was developed. A DNA marker (DAPI) to count the total number ofnuclei in the human tumor sections was utilized.

ICOS expression was determined using immunohistochemistry analysis withthe rabbit monoclonal antibody clone that recognizes human ICOS (SpringBiosciences Inc. Pleasanton, Calif.). The specificity and sensitivity ofthe ICOS IHC assay was confirmed using human tonsil and cell linesconstitutively over-expressing ICOS. The staining intensity was scoredby a trained pathologist using the following criteria. All positivestaining was score based on membrane expression in at least two-thirdsof the cells.

A representative image for the scoring schema is shown in FIG. 4. Thescoring was performed based on the following criteria forimmunofluorescence:

-   -   0 (negative)=No or less than 0.1% of cells have membrane        staining    -   1+(mild)=0.1 to 5% of the cells are positive    -   2+(moderate)=5 to 10% of the cells are positive    -   3+(Strong)=>10 to 50% in cells are positive

Prevalence of ICOS expression in various subsets of NSCLC or adjacentnormal lung samples are summarized in Table 2. Strong ICOS expressionwas not observed in adjacent normal lung tissue in cancer patients.Strong ICOS expression was observed in all major sub-types of lungcancer. About 29-31% of the most common NSCLC sub-types (adenocarcinomaor squamous cell carcinoma) had strong ICOS staining.

TABLE 2 Distribution of ICOS staining in various subsets of NSCLCsamples based on pathological scoring. Tumor sub-type N Strong (3+)Moderate (2+) Weak (1+) Negative (0) SCLC 2 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 2 (100%) 0(0%) Squamous 49 14 (29%) 14 (29%) 17 (35%) 4 (8%) Adenocarcinoma 16 5(31%) 2 (13%) 8 (50%) 1 (6%) Adenosquamous 9 3 (11%) 2 (11%) 3 (11%) 1(67%) Brochiolalveolar 9 2 (22%) 2 (22%) 5 (56%) 0 (0%) carcinomaUndifferentiated 5 1 (20%) 0 (0%) 3 (60%) 1 (20%) Normal 3 1 (33%) 2(67%) 0 (0%)

An automated methodology to measure ICOS positive cells was alsoemployed, using image analysis software (Strataquest from TissuegnosticsInc., Tarzana, Calif.). The density of ICOS positive cells in a fixedarea of tumor tissue was determined by determining the number of ICOSpositive cells in the viable region of human tumor tissue as defined bythe DAPI staining region. ICOS cell density was determined from aseparate set of approximately 500 individual patients across 4 majortumor types [NSCLC (N=100); HNSCC (N=102); breast cancer, all majorsubtypes (N=94); triple negative subtype of breast cancer, TNBC (N=95);ovarian cancer (N=94)]. A summary of the results of the analysis areshown in FIG. 5. Consistent with the ICOS mRNA analysis, the HNSCC andNSCLC tumors had a significantly higher density of ICOS positive tumorsas compared to ovarian or breast cancer. Although ICOS expression is lowin breast cancer, high levels of ICOS expression was observed in theTNBC subtype, which constitutes about 10% of breast cancer. See FIG. 5.This TNBC subtype of breast cancer is the most aggressive subtype withlimited treatment options and highest unmet medical need.

The patient to patient variability in ICOS expression in two differentcohorts of a high ICOS expressing tumor types (NSCLC) is shown in FIGS.6A and 6B. A range of ICOS cell density was observed in NSCLC from 98lung cancer samples (FIG. 6A) available from a commercial vendor.Similar diversity in ICOS expression was observed using an independentclinical cohort (FIG. 6B) of NSCLC (N=204).

A multiplex IHC with ICOS, FoxP3 (a Treg cell marker) and CD8 from thehuman tumor samples described above was analyzed and quantified usingimage analysis software (Strataquest from Tissuegnostics Inc., Tarzana,Calif.). A representative image of the multiplex ICOS staining withthese T cell markers is shown in FIG. 7A. The ICOS positive cells thatare also FOXP3 positive are called ICOS+ CD4 Treg cells. The ICOSpositive and CD8 positive cells are called ICOS+ CD8 cells. The ICOSpositive but negative for CD8 and FoxP3 are called ICOS+ CD4 Teffs. Thedensity of the different sub-sets of ICOS positive T cells werequantified using the image analysis software as described above. In lung(N=100) and TNBC (n=95) samples there was a high number of both CD4effectors and CD4 Treg cell that were ICOS positive (FIG. 7B). Incontrast, not many ICOS positive cells were observed in ovarian cancer(n=94). HNSCC tumors (N=102) had a large population of ICOS positive CD4Treg cells. There was only a small population of ICOS positive CD8 Tcells observed in all the tumor types examined. These data suggest thatICOS is predominantly expressed in the CD4 compartment as compared tothe CD8 T cells, and that variation in the relative proportions of Tregvs Teff can be seen across indications.

In order to understand if ICOS expression is directly associated withPD-L1 status, the correlation between PD-L1 levels and ICOS expressionwas evaluated. Bio-informatics analysis suggested that PD-L1 expressionand ICOS levels were weakly correlated (R=0.62). PD-L1, ICOS and PD-1levels were evaluated by a multiplex IHC. A representative image of themultiplex IHC from a PD-L1 high and low lung tumor is shown. See FIG. 8.PD-L1 and ICOS in 154 adenocarcinoma sub-type of NSCLC tumors wereevaluated. The tumors were subdivided into PD-L1 high or low tumorsbased on 5% of the cells that are PD-L1 positive. Results indicate thatPD-L1 positive tumors had a higher density of ICOS expression.

Example 3: Flow Cytometry Analysis

To confirm the ICOS expression data obtained by IHC and to comparerelative intensities of ICOS expressed in different T cell populations,ICOS expression in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes was evaluated usingmulti-color flow cytometry. Samples from four HNSCC patients, three lungcancer, and four ovarian cancer patients were analyzed. Consistent withthe IHC data, ICOS expression was predominantly observed on CD4 T cells.See FIG. 9 (HNSCC). The frequency of ICOS positive cells in the CD8population is very low in a majority of these tumors. It was alsoobserved that the majority of CD4 effector cells co-express ICOS andPD-1. These data support developing an ICOS therapeutic in the clinicalone or in combination with anti-PD-1 therapies. The mean fluorescenceintensity (MFI) of ICOS staining provides a measure of ICOS expressionin the different T-cell population. The MFI of ICOS positive cells inthe Treg cells was 2-3 fold higher than the CD4 effectors. See FIG. 9C.It should be noted that there are small populations of CD4 effectorsthat have high ICOS MFI. Confirmation of the difference in ICOS receptordensities in Teffs versus Tregs, coupled with data from ongoing ADCCassays to evaluate differential Teff and Treg sensitivity to depletion,would support development of agonistic antibody with an active Fc thatcould potentially deplete the Treg cells.

Translational studies show high levels of tumor infiltrating ICOSpositive T cells in a subset of human tumors (such as HNSCC, NSCLCetc.). ICOS expression is correlated with expression of othercheck-point regulators such as CTLA-4 and PD-1. Analysis of the T cellsubsets showed that ICOS expression is predominantly restricted to theCD4 T cell compartment. ICOS is expressed in both FoxP3 positive Tregcells as well as CD4 Teff cells. Studies show, consistent with theliterature, that the level of ICOS expression is higher in the Tregcells as compared to CD4 Teff cells.

Example 4: Antibody Generation Reagents

ICOS proteins representing human, mouse, rat, and cynomolgus specieswere produced as homodimeric, Fc fusions (IgG1 backbone), and the humanand mouse ICOS-hFc were used as antigens for rodent immunizations. HumanICOS-hFc included human ICOS amino acids 1 to 141 (21 to 141 in matureconstruct); mouse ICOS-hFc included mouse ICOS amino acids 1 to 142 (21to 142 in mature construct).

ICOS-Fc was generated as both bivalent and monovalent Fc fusionmolecules to assess avid and monovalent binding of antibodies to ICOS,respectively.

For screening purposes, CHO stable cell lines over-expressing fulllength human or mouse ICOS (ICOS+ CHO cells, or “CHO-ICOS cells”) weregenerated as were constructs encoding full length cynomolgus monkey orrat ICOS to enable screening following transient transfection.

Rodent Antibody Campaign

Rodent campaigns were performed at Precision Antibody. Mice (10), rats(6), Syrian hamsters (6), and Armenian hamsters (6) were immunized withhICOS-hFc or mICOS-hFc. Hybridomas were generated, and supernatantsscreened by ELISA for binding to hICOS and mICOS, as well as multiplexscreening by FACS for binding to CHO-hICOS and CHO-mICOS cells.Hybridomas were additionally assessed for the ability to block ICOSLbinding to the CHO-ICOS cells. Clones that scored positive for bindingto mouse and human ICOS were selected for protein purification. Purifiedantibodies were subsequently re-screened in the binding and blockingassays, and antibodies that scored positive proceeded to in vitroassessment as outlined below. All antibodies selected for furtherinvestigation from the immunization approach originated from Armenianhamster fusions.

Biochemical Characterization of Antibodies

Affinity measurements were conducted using Bio-Layer Interferometry(BLI) technology (ForteBio Octet® RED96). The monovalent affinities weregenerated with IgG versions of the antibodies with monovalent,heterodimeric forms of the ICOS receptor. The avid affinities weregenerated using full-length IgGs against homodimeric forms of the ICOSreceptor. The monomeric and bivalent hICOS affinities of the selectedhamster antibodies are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 3 Hamster-derived antibody affinity. Monomeric hICOS AffinityBivalent hICOS Affinity mAb K_(D) K_(on) (1/Ms) K_(dis) (1/s) K_(D) (M)K_(on) (1/Ms) K_(dis) (1/s) 7F12 1.32E−08 1.33E+05 1.75E−03 3.42E−116.74E+05 2.30E−05 35A9 2.45E−09 1.78E+05 4.38E−04 <1.0E−12 6.25E+05<1.0E−07 36E10 1.59E−09 1.43E−05 2.28E−04 <1.0E−12 6.26E+05 <1.0E−0737A10 3.18E−09 1.51E+05 4.79E−04 3.42E−11 6.74E+05 2.30E−05 16G104.37E−09 1.63E+05 7.12E−04 <1.0E−12 1.01E+06 <1.0E−07

Binding affinity of the antibodies for cynomolgus monkey, mouse, and ratICOS was also determined, and the antibodies were found to bind allspecies with comparable affinity. Cross-reactivity measurements wereconducted using BLI technology with antibody panels being screened forbinding to human, mouse, and cynomolgus ICOS-Fc fusions (homodimeric,bivalent forms). Table 4 shows representative binding data for severalhamster antibodies for human and cynomolgus monkey ICOS.

TABLE 4 Bivalent binding affinities of several hamster antibodies tohuman and cyno ICOS-Fc. hICOS-Fc cynoICOS-Fc ligand/mAb K_(D) (M) K_(on)(1/Ms) K_(dis) (1/s) K_(D) (M) K_(on) (1/Ms) K_(dis) (1/s) hICOSL-3.62E−10 9.41E+05 3.41E−04 mG2a 7F12 3.42E−11 6.74E+05 2.30E−05 <1.0E−125.85E+05 <1.0E−07 35A9 <1.0E−12 1.01E+06 <1.0E−07 <1.0E−12 7.40E+05<1.0E−07 36E10 <1.0E−12 6.17E+05 <1.0E−07 <1.0E−12 6.97E+05 <1.0E−0737A10 <1.0E−12 6.25E+05 <1.0E−07 <1.0E−12 7.12E+05 <1.0E−07 16G10<1.0E−12 6.26E+05 <1.0E−07 <1.0E−12 6.47E+05 <1.0E−07

To assess specificity, binding to human ICOS+ CHO cells and mouse ICOS+CHO cells was individually analyzed by flow cytometry. As a control toscreen out pan-reactive antibodies, staining on CHO cells lacking ICOSreceptor expression was also examined. All of the selected antibodiesbound to human and mouse ICOS+ CHO cells, and not to CHO cells lackingICOS expression.

To further assess the specificity of the anti-ICOS antibodies, theantibodies were screened for binding to additional members of the CD28protein family (CD28, BTLA, PD-1 and CTLA-4). No cross-reactivity wasobserved for the selected antibodies to human or mouse CD28, BTLA, PD-1or CTLA4. Specifically, binding to Fc fusions (of CD28, BTLA, PD-1 andCTLA-4) in dimeric forms was evaluated, and no binding was observed. Fora subset of the CD28 family members, mouse or human protein wasover-expressed on the surface of HEK293 and CHOK1 cells. No binding ofantibody above background relative to untransduced parental cells wasobserved.

Antibodies were also found to not bind to abundant serum proteins nor toplatelets or red blood cells.

Epitope binning was conducted using BLI. Antibodies were also binnedagainst an ICOSL-Fc fusion (homodimeric, bivalent form). All of theselected antibodies were found to be in the same epitope bin, and allblocked binding of ICOS to ICOS ligand.

Humanization

Selected antibodies were humanized by performing homology studiesbetween the antibody variable framework regions of human and hamsterorigin. A panel of primary designs for analysis was provided andantibodies were then produced for comparison with wild-type antibody(hamster or chimera form). Once humanized panels were produced, leadswere characterized and ranked based on affinity and in vitro activity.Additional humanization designs were executed to reduce sequenceliabilities and low-scoring immunogenic sites resulting in minorsequence variations. The sequence liabilities considered included thepresence of free cysteines and potential sites for chemical degradation(asparagine deamidation, aspartate isomerization, methionine/tryptophan,and non-enzymatic lysine glycation).

The affinity of a humanized antibody having the variable regions of37A10S713 for monomeric forms of ICOS from human, cynomolgus monkey andrat was measured by Bio-Layer Interferometry (BLI) technology (ForteBioOctet® RED96) and K_(D)'s are shown in Table 5. The K_(D)'s were deemedcomparable across the species as they were within 2 to 5-fold.Functionality of binding was confirmed by assessing potency of inducingproliferation of primary CD4+ T cells isolated from each species.

TABLE 5 Monovalent binding affinity of 37A10S713 to human, cynomolgusmonkey, and rat ICOS. Human Cynomolgus Monkey Rat Binding Affinity 1.50± 0.39 0.66 ± 0.16 7.20 ± 2.55 (K_(D) nM)^(A) Potency in primary4.27-49.75 8.25-13.14 10.7-30.0 CD4+ T cell proliferation (EC50 nM)^(B)^(A)affinities shown as mean ± SEM from 6 experiments; ^(B)range of 4donors is shown

Example 5: In Vitro Functional Characterization of Anti-ICOS Antibodies

A number of cell-based in vitro assays were used to assess the activityof the anti-ICOS mAbs. The main purpose was to screen for antibodieswith agonistic/co-stimulatory properties. Since the cell system (primarycell versus transfected cell line) and the method of antibodypresentation (soluble versus plate-bound or cross-linked) can influenceagonistic activity, a number of different assay formats were employed.In addition, an assay to detect undesired super-agonistic activity (seeSuntharalingam et al., 2006, N. Eng. J. Med., 355: 1018-28) was alsoused.

The assays designed to look for agonistic/co-stimulatory activity of theanti-ICOS mAbs were performed on the cell types outlined below, with thefirst signal to the T cells (signal 1) provided using either sub-optimalconcentrations of anti-CD3 or PMA or in the PBMC assay with stimulationwith super-antigen (SEB):

-   -   1. Primary human CD4+ T cell assay        -   a. Plate-bound/cross-linked antibody format co-stimulated            with anti-CD3        -   b. Soluble antibody format co-stimulated with PMA    -   2. Jurkat assay (reporter cell line with transfected human or        mouse ICOS constructs)        -   a. Plate-bound/cross-linked format with either anti-CD3 or            PMA        -   b. Soluble antibody format co-stimulated with PMA    -   3. Human PBMC assay        -   a. Soluble antibody format with super-antigen (SEB)

Panels of hamster anti-ICOS mAbs were screened in the above assays toidentify antibodies with agonistic properties. An example of theagonistic activity observed in an assay using primary human CD4+ T cellsco-stimulated with suboptimal anti-CD3 with addition of plate-boundanti-ICOS antibody is shown in FIG. 10A for a selection of hamsteranti-ICOS antibodies. In this assay, human CD4+ T cell isolated fromPBMCs are activated with suboptimal plate-bound anti-CD3 in the presenceof plate-bound hamster anti-ICOS antibodies (7F12, 37A10 and 16G10) atfour concentrations (μg/ml). Plate-bound hICOSL and soluble anti-CD28 inthe presence of anti-CD3 are used as positive controls. % divided cellsis graphed. Multiple anti-ICOS antibodies exhibit activity in thisassay. FIG. 10B shows the results of the assay using soluble antibodyand costimulation with sub-optimal PMA. Human CD4+ T cells were isolatedfrom PBMCs by negative selection and labeled with CFSE. Cells wereactivated in 96-well plates with suboptimal PMA (0.25 ng/ml) alone or inthe presence of different Fc versions (hamster, mG1, mG2a, mG1Agly orhG1) of anti-ICOS antibody 37A10 at indicated concentrations (μg/ml).Soluble anti-CD28 antibody was used as a control. Proliferation wasanalyzed on day 3 by flow cytometry. The mouse IgG1 and mouse IgG1-aglyversions showed activity in the assay, along with the parental fullyhamster antibody. At least antibody 37A10 showed agonist activity inboth soluble and plate-bound formats. See FIGS. 10A and 10B.

FIG. 10C shows the agonist activity of results of 37A10S713 antibodywith a human IgG1 in the primary human CD4+ T cell assay. CD4+ T cellswere isolated from PBMC from 4 healthy donors, labeled with CFSE dye andthen incubated in plates coated with a sub-optimal concentration ofanti-CD3 and various concentrations of either 37A105713-hIgG1 or anegative control human IgG1 antibody (anti-respiratory syncytial virus(RSV)). After 3 days, the percentage of divided cells was determinedusing flow cytometry. The EC50 values ranged from 4.27-49.75 nM for the4 donors tested. Proliferation is plotted as the percentage of dividedcells (measured by CFSE dilution using flow cytometry) and are means ofduplicates. FIG. 10C shows data from a representative donor.

Another example of an assay in which the hamster antibodies demonstratedagonistic activity is the Jurkat reporter assay. A Jurkat reporter assaywas developed in-house by transducing a hICOS-hCD28 chimeric expressionconstruct into a Jurkat NFkB reporter cell line. Jurkat-hICOS-hCD28reporter cells were activated for 5 hours with PMA and soluble hamsteranti-ICOS 37A10 antibody with different Fc ends at 11 concentrations(μg/ml). Soluble anti-CD28 and hICOSL-Fc are used as controls. % GFP+cells is graphed. Representative data from the Jurkat reporter assayusing the hamster anti-ICOS antibodies is shown in FIG. 11. FIG. 11Ashows the results for different Fc versions of anti-ICOS antibody 37A10(hG1, mG1, mG2a, mG1Agly) at the indicated concentrations (μg/ml). AllFc versions of the anti-ICOS antibody, including the mG1-agly version(i.e. minimal Fc effector function) shows activity in this assay. FIG.11B shows the results for humanized antibodies 37A10S713, 37A10S715,37A10S716, and 37A10S718 at the indicated concentrations (μg/ml). Allfour humanized antibodies tested showed agonist activity in the assay.

Another assay format showing agonistic activity is the PBMC assay withthe superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) using cytokineproduction (e.g., IFNg) as a readout. This assay typically has a smallwindow of a 1.5-3 fold effect on cytokine release. Consistent withpublished anti-PD-1 data, cytokine induction with the anti-ICOSantibodies is ˜2 fold but is reproducibly observed in this assay acrossmultiple donors. See, e.g., Korman et al., 2014, Cancer Res., 2:846-856. A representative assay is shown in FIG. 12. Frozen PBMCs fromhealthy donors were stimulated with SEB and soluble anti-ICOS 37A10antibody (with mG1, mG1-agly or hG1 Fc) at indicated concentrations(μg/ml) for 3 days. Supernatants were collected and IFNg levels weremeasured by cytokine bead array using flow cytometry. Anti-CD28 andmouse IgG1 isotype antibodies were used as controls. IFNg is induced byPBMCs following stimulation with SEB in the presence of solubleanti-ICOS antibodies. In this assay format, an mG1-agly version of 37A10showed reduced activity.

To screen out any potential super-agonists, an assay in which primaryhuman CD4+ T cells were incubated with soluble or plate-bound anti-ICOSantibodies in the absence of a signal 1 was employed using a knownanti-CD28 super-agonist antibody as the positive control. Human CD4 Tcells activated in the absence of anti-CD3 will proliferate only whentreated with an anti-CD28 superagonist antibody (clone CD28.2/5D10) insoluble form, but not when treated with ICOSL-Fc or anti-ICOS antibody37A10 (hamster and hG1 Fc versions), or a non-superagonist anti-CD28(CD28.2) antibody. None of the anti-ICOS mAbs tested exhibitedsuper-agonistic activity in this assay. Representative data is depictedin FIG. 13.

It is well established that ICOS can signal through the AKT signalingpathway (reviewed in Simpson et al., 2010, Curr. Opin. Immunol., 22:326-332). The ability of the anti-ICOS antibody to induce signalingthrough AKT was evaluated as an additional means to demonstrateagonistic activity of the antibody.

CD4 T cells isolated from human PBMCs were stimulated for 24 hours withanti-CD3/anti-CD28, and then rested for 24 hours in culture media. Cellswere then incubated with anti-ICOS 37A10-mG2a, hICOSL-mG2a Fc or PBS for2, 5, 15 or 30 minutes with or without anti-mouse IgG cross-linkingantibody. Following incubation, cells were fixed, permeabilized and thenstained with an anti-phospho-AKT antibody. The percentage ofpAKT-positive cells was analyzed by flow cytometry.

As shown in FIGS. 14A-B, pAKT was induced on CD4 T cells followingtreatment with 37A10-mG2a with similar kinetics as compared to treatmentwith hICOSL-mG2a. Induction of pAKT signaling was only observed in thepresence of secondary cross-linking agent.

Example 6: In Vivo Functional Characterization of Anti-ICOS Antibodies

Antibodies selected from the screening assays described above wereevaluated in vivo using syngeneic tumor models.

The Sa1N fibrosarcoma model (Ostrand-Rosenberg, 2001, Curr. Protoc.Immunol., Chapter 20) may be used for evaluating anti-ICOS antibodies invivo. Immune profiling of the Sa1/N mouse model shows that it is highlyinfiltrated with CD4 T cells, and that the CD4 T cells express highlevels of ICOS. This immune profile is similar to immune profiles of theNSCLC patient samples in which high levels of CD4 infiltration wereobserved, with ICOS expression largely restricted to the CD4compartment.

A second model used for evaluating efficacy of anti-ICOS antibodies isthe CT26 colon carcinoma model (Wang et al., 1995, J. Immunol., 9:4685-4692). Immune profiling of the CT26 mouse model showed high levelsof CD8 infiltration. ICOS expression was observed in the CD8 T cellsubset in this model. A small proportion of human NSCLC samplessimilarly show ICOS expression in the CD8 T cells.

Antibody Formats for In Vivo Evaluation

Human IgG1 (hIgG1) can bind across multiple Fc receptors, includingstrong binding to the activating Fc receptors which are capable ofreceptor cross-linking and mediating ADCC and CDC. Given the ability tobind the activating Fc receptors, hIgG1 is typically capable ofdepleting cells that express a high level of target. The closest mouseequivalent to hIgG1 is mouse IgG2a (mIgG2a). Thus, as an example, invivo experiments to evaluate an ICOS agonist antibody with depletingcapacity would utilize mIgG2a to mimic properties of hIgG1.

Human IgG4 (hIgG4) is utilized in therapeutic situations where depletionis not desired, although hIgG4 is capable of some level of depletion. Itis roughly, although not perfectly, aligned to mouse IgG1 (mIgG1), whichalmost exclusively binds the inhibitory FcγRII receptors, and is thuscapable of cross-linking but not particularly competent at depletion.

Regarding the anti-ICOS antibodies, the hamster antibodies wereinitially evaluated in vivo as fully hamster Abs. The hamster Abs have ahamster IgG1, which has FcR binding characteristics similar to mIgG1.Hamster antibodies of interest were cloned as chimeras with mouse Fcregions, either as mIgG2a or mIgG1.

Sa1N Fibrosarcoma Model

The primary in vivo model used for screening anti-ICOS antibodycandidates for efficacy is the Sa1N fibrosarcoma model. Thus, antibodiesselected from the screening assays described above were assessed in theSa1N model. In initial studies, several hamster antibodies (clones 7F12,36E10, 37A10, 16G10 and 35A9) demonstrated robust anti-tumor activitywhen administered as single agents at an 8 mg/kg dose in the Sa1N model.See FIG. 15. Sa1N fibrosarcoma cells (1×10⁶) were injected s.c. to rightflank of naïve A/J mice (6-8 weeks old, female). When tumor volumesreached 50-100 mm³ on day 7, mice were randomized. Mice received dose ofhamster anti-ICOS (7F12, 36E10, 37A10, 16G10 and 35A9) or hamster IgGisotype antibody i.p. on days 7, 10, 14 and 17. Tumor growth wasmonitored twice weekly. N=10.

A potentially beneficial feature of a cancer immunotherapeutic is theability to mount a sustained and durable immune response against thetumor. The ability of a mouse previously treated with an anti-ICOSantibody to subsequently reject a tumor was determined. Mice weretreated at 8 mg/kg antibody on day 7, 10, 14, and 17. Subsequently, micethat were tumor-free were then re-implanted with a tumor on day 60. Allof the mice pre-treated with anti-ICOS antibody 7F12 (n=7) rejected thenewly implanted tumor, in contrast to naïve mice (n=10) in which tumorsgrew out in all of the mice. See FIG. 16.

The hamster antibodies were cloned as chimeric antibodies with mouse Fcregions (mG1 or mG2a) to enable assessment of the contribution of Fceffector function to in vivo activity. Mice received a total of 4 dosesbiweekly of 4 mg/kg antibody starting on day 11. Anti-CTLA-4 antibodywas included as a positive control. The initial screening experiment wasperformed at a dose of 4 mg/kg dose, and efficacy was observed with boththe mG1 and mG2a formats. Representative data for one of the hamsterantibodies, 37A10, is shown in FIG. 17.

Colon CT26 Syngeneic Tumor Model

The colon CT26 syngeneic tumor model was used both to assess singleagent activity, as well as combination therapy with anti-PD-1 antibody.

In the CT26 model, several of the anti-ICOS hamster antibodies (e.g.,7F12, 35A9, 36E10, 37A10) exhibited single agent activity. See FIG. 18.The CT26 model was also used to assess potential combination activitywith anti-PD-1. When the anti-ICOS antibodies were combined with ananti-PD-1 antibody, anti-tumor efficacy was markedly enhanced. CT26tumor-bearing mice were treated biweekly (4 doses starting on day 3)with hamster anti-ICOS antibodies (8 mg/kg) alone or in combination withanti-PD-1 antibody (8 mg/kg). Notably, combination of anti-PD-1 withanti-ICOS antibody 37A10 resulted in 9/10 mice tumor free. See FIG. 18.

Example 7: Selective Treg Depletion Contributes to Anti-ICOS AntibodyEfficacy

Ex vivo studies were performed to characterize the status of immune cellinfiltrates following dosing with anti-ICOS antibodies. Studies in theSa1N model showed a decrease in the Treg population following treatmentwith 7F12. Mice received two doses of anti-ICOS hamster 7F12, 7F12-mG1or 7F12-mG2a at 8 mg/kg on days 7 and 10. Tumors and spleens wereharvested and analyzed on day 12. There was a marked reduction in Tregsbut not in Teff cells, but little impact on T cell populations inlymphoid organs such as the spleen or lymph node. See FIG. 19.

Similar results have also been observed with other anti-ICOS antibodies,such as 37A10. See FIG. 20. Mice received two doses of anti-ICOSantibodies at 8 mg/kg on days 7 and 10. Tumors were harvested andanalyzed on day 12. A similar reduction in the Treg population has alsobeen observed in the CT26 model following dosing with the anti-ICOSantibody.

Taken together, the TIL (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) studies supportthe hypothesis that Treg cells are selectively depleted by the anti-ICOSantibodies described herein, without corresponding depletion of Teffcell populations, and specifically in tumors but not in other organs orin the periphery.

To formally demonstrate the contribution of the immune system toefficacy of the anti-ICOS antibody, cell depletion experiments wereperformed in the context of the tumor model, Sa1N. Specifically, micewere depleted of CD8 T cells, CD4 T cells, or a combination of CD4+ CD8T cells. At days 6 and 13 post-tumor implantation, mice were treatedwith anti-CD8, anti-CD4, anti-CD4+ anti-CD8 or control Ig antibody (n=10per group). Anti-ICOS antibody 7F12 was administered at 8 mg/kg antibodyon day 7, 10, 14, and 17. Tumor growth was monitored twice weekly.

A marked reduction in anti-tumor efficacy of 7F12 was observed when micewere depleted of CD4, CD8, or CD4+ CD8 T cells. See FIG. 21.

Example 8: Selective Treg Reduction by Humanized Anti-ICOS Antibody

Human PBMCs were incubated at 37° C. with 100 ng/ml recombinant humanIL-2 for 48 hours in a humidified incubator with 5% CO₂. After 48 hours,antibody 37A10S713 was added at the indicated concentrations. Antibodywas prepared as 10-fold serial dilutions in culture media containingIL-2. The antibody/cell mixture was allowed to incubate an additional 72hours. Following incubation, cells were stained for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD25,and FoxP3 per standard methods and analyzed by flow cytometry.Quantification of Treg (CD4+ CD25+ FoxP3+) and Teff (CD4+ CD25− FoxP3−)cells was carried out for each concentration and treatment. Data werenormalized to percent of each subset in a trastuzumab-treated group foreach concentration.

The results of that experiment are shown in FIG. 22A. Antibody 37A10S713caused a dose-dependent reduction of Treg cells. As shown in FIG. 22B,Teff and Treg cells expressed similar levels of ICOS after five days ofIL-2 treatment.

Example 9: Tumor Re-Challenge Following Treatment with Anti-ICOSAntibody

Six to eight week old female A/J mice were inoculated subcutaneously onthe right flank with 1×10⁶ Sa1/N cells in 100 μl PBS using tuberculinsyringes with 27-gauge needles. Tumor growth was monitored and on day 7,animals were redistributed into new cages after normalizing the averagetumor volume to 100-150 mm³ for each treatment group. Ten mice wereincluded in each treatment group. Animals were treated with antibodiesvia intraperitoneal injections of 0.25 mg/kg anti-ICOS antibody(37A10S713 VH and VL (SEQ ID NOs: 60 and 61) with a mouse IgG2a) or anisotype control. Dosing was performed on day 7 for single dose or days 7and 14 for 2 doses. Tumor growth and animal body weights were monitoredtwice weekly. Mice were sacrificed when tumor volumes reached ˜2000 mm³or if there were signs of clinical distress such as severe ulcerationsas pursuant to IACUC protocol.

FIG. 23, left panel, shows tumor volume in mice administered a singledose of anti-ICOS antibody (n=10) or two doses of anti-ICOS antibody(n=10).

A tumor re-challenge experiment was performed to assess durability ofthe response. The 7 mice previously challenged with Sa1/N cells whosetumors were eradicated with a single dose or two doses of 0.25 mg/kg37A10S713-mIgG2a antibody were re-challenged on the contralateral flankwith Sa1/N cells 10 weeks after the initial tumor challenge. As acontrol, naïve mice were also challenged with Sa1/N cells (N=10).Animals were assessed for tumor growth on a bi-weekly basis.

As shown in FIG. 23, right panel, none of the mice that had previouslyhad their tumors eradicated with anti-ICOS antibody treatment showedtumor growth in the re-challenge experiment.

Example 10: ICOS Ligand (ICOSL) Expression in Sa1/N Tumor-Bearing Miceand Cynomolgus Monkeys Administered Anti-ICOS Antibody

Eight week old female A/J mice were inoculated with Sa1/N tumor cells atday zero. At day 7, when tumors reached ˜100 mm³, mice were administereda single 5 or 100 μg i.p. dose of antibody 37A10 with either a mouseIgG1 or IgG2a, or isotype control antibody. Mice were administered asubsequent dose of antibody on day 10, and tissue (blood, spleen, andtumor) were harvested at day 12. Following tissue processing, cells wereincubated with 5% Fc block (5% reconstituted normal rat, mouse and humanserum, 5% Fetal Calf Serum, 0.1 mg/mL Fc blocking Ab 2.4G2, 0.01% sodiumazide) for 15 min on ice in flow staining buffer (FSB: 5% FBS, 0.01%sodium azide in 1×PBS). Following Fc block, cells were stained with anextracellular staining cocktail (anti-CD45-BV510, anti-CD19-BV605,anti-ICOSL-PE, Fixable Viability Dye eFluor 780) in FSB for 1 hr on ice.Cells were washed twice with FSB. Cells were fixed withFixation/Permeabilization solution for 30 min on ice. Cells were washedtwice with 1× Permeabilization Buffer, then stained with anintracellular staining cocktail (anti-CD3-BUV496, in PermeabilizationBuffer for 1 hr on ice. Cells were washed twice with PermeabilizationBuffer, then re-suspended in 1.5% PFA FSB solution. Cells were run onthe BD Fortessa and data was analyzed using FlowJo software.

Samples were analyzed on a BD Fortessa flow cytometer. For analysis ofICOSL expression, staining of ICOSL was analyzed on viable CD45+ CD3−CD19+ B cells. ICOSL mean fluorescent intensities (MFIs) are reported.

Antibody 37A10S713 with a human IgG1 was administered via 1 hourintravenous infusion to three cynolmolgus monkeys per dose group (0.5mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, and vehicle alone). Blood was obtainedpre-first dose (day 1), 48 hours post-first dose (day 3), 7 dayspost-first dose (pre-second dose; day 8), and 48 hours post-second dose(day 10). 95 μL samples of whole blood were first Fc blocked with 5 μLHuman TruStain for 15 min on ice. Following Fc block, 100 μL of anantibody mix containing anti-CD3 FITC, anti-CD20 PE, anti-CD14 PE/Cy7,viability dye e780, and cynoICOS-Fc DyLight 650 was added. Blood andantibody mix was incubated on ice for 60 min. Following incubation,samples were centrifuged at 500×g for 5 min. Supernatant was decanted,and samples were resuspended in 200 μL of FACS staining buffer. Washsteps were repeated three times, with final resuspension in 200 μLstaining buffer+0.1% paraformaldehyde.

Samples were analyzed on a BD Fortessa flow cytometer. For analysis ofICOSL expression, staining of ICOSL by DyLight 650 labeled cynoICOS-Fcwas analyzed on viable CD3− CD20+ B cells. ICOSL MFIs were normalized tovehicle at each time point.

The results of those experiments are shown in FIGS. 24A and 24B. Adose-dependent increase in ICOS-L expression was observed across allantibody treatments and doses and in all tissues relative to isotypecontrol treated mice. See FIG. 24A. Similarly, a dose-dependent increasein ICOS-L expression was observed across all time points for the 0.5 and5 mg/kg dose groups in cynomolgus monkeys relative to vehicle andpre-study samples. See FIG. 24B. Induction of ICOSL was also observed inthe 75 mg/kg group, but the observed expression may be anunderrepresentation due to potential drug interference as the anti-ICOSantibody is capable of binding the staining reagent (cynoICOS-Fc).

ICOS target engagement may also be assessed as measured by receptoravailability assay, for example, as follows. Naive mice were i.p.injected with either the isotype control mIgG2a at 2.5 mg/kg or37A10S713 with a mouse IgG2a at 2.5 mg/kg. At various time-pointspost-injection, blood was collected in EDTA coated microtubes viasubmandibular draw.

Whole blood was Fc blocked using mouse TruStain (BioLegend) for 5minutes on ice. Following incubation, 100 μl of 2× concentratedextracellular staining antibody mixture was added to each sample for 30minutes at 4° C. Samples were spun down and fixed and permeabilized inFoxp3 staining buffer (eBioSciences) for 30 minutes at 4° C. Sampleswere then spun down and resuspended in intracellular antibody stain for30 minutes at 4° C. Samples were spun down and resuspended in 0.1% PFA.Samples were analyzed on a BD LSRII Fortessa. Tregs were identified aslive CD45+ CD3+ CD4+ Foxp3+. Teff cells were identified as live CD45+CD3+ CD4+ Foxp3−. CD8+ cells were identified as live CD45+ CD3+ CD8+.Fluorescently labeled 37A10S713-mG2a (DyLight 650 conjugated) was usedas the staining reagent for ICOS. Receptor availability at each timepoint was determined using the following formula:

% Receptor Available at time t=((MFI of 37A105713−mG2aDy650at time t−MFIof isotypeDy650at time t))/((MFI of 37A105713−mG2aDy650prestudy−MFI ofisotypeDy650prestudy))×100

Results showed that following administration of anti-ICOS antibodies,the levels of free receptor are undetectable, suggesting antibodiessaturate all available target ICOS molecules.

Example 11: Identification of Genes Correlating with ICOS Expression

The level of ICOS across various tumor types was assessed at both themRNA and the protein level. To specifically quantify ICOS levels acrosspatient tumor samples, a novel RNA signature based approach was used.Analysis of high-dimensional gene expression was performed to define theimmune component of tumors in an unbiased manner, using thehigh-dimensional data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) thatinclude DNA mutational data, gene-expression data and gene-amplificationdata from ˜7,500 human tumors representing 24 different indications. Rawsequence data was prepared and gene expression values utilizing thefragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped (FPKM) werecomputed by OmicSoft Corporation utilizing their proprietary datanormalization and expression analysis pipeline. All the FPKM values wereconverted using a logarithmic function with a base 2 and analyzed.Before using the data for discovery of immune related signatures, thequality of the data was assessed using known biological patterns. Forexample, estrogen receptor expression was associated with the firstprincipal component of the breast data, while microsatellite instabilityrelated signatures was associated with the third principal component ofthe colon data.

To identify a multigene signature to quantify the degree of ICOSexpression in tumors, indications in which ICOS was overexpressed with ahigh coefficient of variance were first identified. FIG. 25 shows theresults of the analysis of ICOS expression across TCGA human tumorindications. Boxes indicate the upper and lower quartiles of expression,with the median line being shown. Outliers are plotted for any tumor inwhich ICOS expression expressed at a level that is more than theinterquartile range outside of the upper or lower quartile. Indicationsshown in bold were selected for follow-up analysis to identify genesassociated with ICOS expression. Expression is shown as log₂(FPKM).

To identify a novel gene signature of ICOS expression, other genestightly correlated with ICOS across the 13 major subtypes of cancer thathad high and variable ICOS expression were examined. The spearman rankcorrelation (ρ) between a given gene and ICOS expression was calculatedwithin each indication. The 300 genes most significantly associated withICOS expression were retained for each indication, correlation ρ andnominal p-values retained for secondary analysis. All associations withICOS were found to be significant at p<0.005. See FIG. 26. The averagecorrelation rank was then computed across all indications for each gene,excluding values that had dropped during the first phase of analysis.

Genes selected to remain within the signature were those that were a)part of the top 300 genes associated with ICOS in at least 10 of the 13indications tested and b) were, on average, within the top 75 genesassociated with ICOS across indications in which they were part of thetop 300 correlated genes. The genes identified using these metrics,along with the criteria for selection including the spearman correlationand the mean rank of correlation with ICOS are shown in Table 6. Thisanalysis identified 39 genes, which can be used individually or incombination to predict the expression of ICOS across these 13indications by RNA expression profiling. Table 6 shows the Spearmancorrelation coefficients (p) for 39 genes identified as correlating withICOS expression. If a gene was not part of the top 300 genes correlatedwith ICOS expression no value is shown for the correlation coefficient.The average rank of correlation with ICOS is shown in the left mostcolumn across all indications in which the gene was part of the top 300genes correlated with ICOS. Genes were selected that were found to bewithin the top 300 genes associated with ICOS expression in at least 10of the indications shown above. ICOS signature genes also were requiredto have a mean rank within the top 75 genes of any indication in whichwhy were in the top 300 genes. Indication abbreviations are: BladderCancer (BLCA), triple negative breast cancer (BRCA TN), cervical cancer(CESC), microsatellite stable colorectal cancer (CO MSS), head & neckcancer (HNSC), clear cell kidney cancer (KIRC) lung adenocarcinoma(LUAD, a sub-type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)), lung squamouscell carcinoma (LUSC, a sub-type of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)),ovarian cancer (OV), pancreatic cancer (PAAD), melanoma (SKCM), stomachcancer (STAD).

TABLE 6 mRNAs correlated with ICOS expression Exemplary mRNA BRCA COHNSC HNSC Gene Acc. No. BLCA TN CESC MSS HPV− HPV+ CCR5 NM_000579.30.876 0.901 0.887 0.847 0.789 CD2 NM_001767.3 0.905 0.941 0.858 0.6800.858 0.780 CD3D NM_000732.4 0.822 0.891 0.805 0.738 0.827 0.792 CD3ENM_000733.3 0.896 0.903 0.849 0.841 0.795 CD3G NM_000073.2 0.833 0.9120.795 0.765 0.833 0.890 CD48 NM_001256030.1 0.833 0.882 0.877 0.7490.794 0.764 CD5 NM_014207.3 0.851 0.889 0.849 0.788 0.820 CD96NM_198196.2 0.880 0.775 0.690 0.774 0.765 CTLA4 NM_005214.4 0.942 0.9250.892 0.944 0.853 CXCR6 NM_006564.1 0.862 0.904 0.790 0.741 0.853 0.900FOXP3 NM_014009.3 0.905 0.886 0.816 0.886 0.845 ICOS NM_012092.3 1.0001.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 IKZF1 NM_006060.5 0.821 0.869 0.799 0.7520.807 0.901 IL21R NM_181078.2 0.898 0.868 0.912 0.711 0.874 0.833 IL2RBNM_000878.3 0.885 0.894 0.729 0.822 0.862 ITGAL NM_002209.2 0.853 0.8940.867 0.834 0.848 ITK NM_005546.3 0.893 0.916 0.770 0.767 0.828 0.804KIAA0748 NM_001136030.2 0.892 0.849 0.816 0.783 LCP2 NM_005565.3 0.8620.877 0.841 0.838 0.833 LTA NM_001159740.2 0.816 0.901 0.843 0.741 0.7960.763 P2RY10 NM_014499.2 0.889 0.902 0.826 0.780 0.806 0.802 PTPRCNM_002838.4 0.904 0.880 0.829 0.764 0.836 0.872 PYHIN1 NM_152501.4 0.8500.906 0.807 0.770 0.758 SASH3 NM_018990.3 0.876 0.880 0.881 0.674 0.8500.863 SH2D1A NM_002351.4 0.884 0.907 0.898 0.681 0.805 0.900 SIRPGNM_018556.3 0.760 0.891 0.831 0.842 0.796 SIT1 NM_014450.2 0.824 0.8520.851 0.761 0.781 0.796 SLA2 NM_032214.3 0.894 0.900 0.751 0.837 0.796SLAMF1 NM_003037.3 0.901 0.897 0.888 0.684 0.807 0.798 SLAMF6NM_001184714.1 0.843 0.891 0.791 0.760 0.896 SNX20 NM_182854.2 0.7960.888 0.814 0.738 0.817 0.770 SP140 NM_007237.4 0.801 0.912 0.851 0.761TCR-α NG_001332.2* 0.828 0.904 0.731 0.762 0.821 0.805 TCRVBNG_001333.2* 0.872 0.848 0.701 0.812 0.810 TIGIT NM_173799.3 0.888 0.9200.872 0.738 0.861 0.827 TRA NG_001332.2* 0.841 0.911 0.765 0.666 0.8100.778 TRAC NG_001332.2* 0.891 0.909 0.850 0.684 0.853 0.791 TRAT1NM_016388.2 0.802 0.917 0.810 0.770 0.737 0.781 UBASH3A NM_018961.30.849 0.902 0.766 0.812 0.758 Average ρ 0.863 0.899 0.832 0.739 0.8280.820 Mean Gene KIRC LUAD LUSC OV PAAD SKCM STAD Rank CCR5 0.880 0.8170.866 0.834 0.799 0.841 0.820 23 CD2 0.889 0.881 0.903 0.896 0.849 0.8810.841 26 CD3D 0.852 0.833 0.878 0.836 0.848 0.860 0.759 40 CD3E 0.8530.847 0.883 0.855 0.837 0.839 0.750 26 CD3G 0.855 0.812 0.839 0.7950.783 0.879 0.822 33 CD48 0.742 0.775 0.834 0.781 0.730 0.826 0.743 71CD5 0.803 0.771 0.832 0.830 0.807 0.830 45 CD96 0.872 0.803 0.829 0.7970.815 0.797 0.843 73 CTLA4 0.825 0.860 0.910 0.889 0.876 0.804 10 CXCR60.845 0.830 0.869 0.872 0.798 0.853 0.824 27 FOXP3 0.715 0.778 0.8580.812 0.749 0.763 50 ICOS 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1IKZF1 0.829 0.782 0.808 0.690 0.752 0.841 0.792 67 IL21R 0.687 0.7870.874 0.838 0.817 0.764 53 IL2RB 0.788 0.791 0.819 0.827 0.803 0.8260.829 51 ITGAL 0.801 0.785 0.830 0.794 0.692 0.834 0.769 50 ITK 0.8500.843 0.876 0.881 0.832 0.808 0.811 35 KIAA0748 0.783 0.792 0.825 0.7860.755 0.828 0.707 62 LCP2 0.766 0.810 0.854 0.795 0.728 0.828 44 LTA0.837 0.810 0.819 0.808 0.775 0.805 0.695 69 P2RY10 0.874 0.804 0.8670.859 0.835 0.865 0.823 24 PTPRC 0.784 0.820 0.867 0.798 0.740 0.8400.838 34 PYHIN1 0.839 0.836 0.845 0.810 0.844 0.814 0.818 52 SASH3 0.8030.815 0.866 0.755 0.712 0.795 0.735 66 SH2D1A 0.860 0.881 0.868 0.8480.843 0.859 0.795 28 SIRPG 0.872 0.848 0.862 0.814 0.848 0.847 0.780 43SIT1 0.848 0.794 0.811 0.822 0.794 0.838 0.636 73 SLA2 0.867 0.804 0.8640.839 0.762 0.873 0.797 39 SLAMF1 0.764 0.817 0.864 0.880 0.885 0.7700.799 54 SLAMF6 0.847 0.769 0.836 0.855 0.761 0.862 0.759 53 SNX20 0.7940.773 0.849 0.764 0.700 0.838 0.747 75 SP140 0.838 0.755 0.818 0.7710.789 0.843 0.693 73 TCR-α 0.788 0.835 0.848 0.816 0.827 0.837 0.802 51TCRVB 0.826 0.832 0.884 0.853 0.840 0.745 47 TIGIT 0.906 0.868 0.8490.888 0.918 0.893 0.830 14 TRA 0.793 0.805 0.839 0.807 0.762 0.843 0.77270 TRAC 0.845 0.868 0.877 0.849 0.841 0.840 0.794 33 TRAT1 0.882 0.8510.839 0.851 0.842 0.867 0.804 48 UBASH3A 0.872 0.789 0.839 0.758 0.7150.855 0.771 67 Average ρ 0.830 0.820 0.856 0.827 0.801 0.844 0.787*Accessions for genomic loci provided for TCR genes.

The list of mRNAs in Table 6 may be used to form a panel of mRNAs fordetermining the expression level of ICOS, e.g., to create a more robustassay than an assay that detects ICOS alone. In some embodiments, apanel is formed from the set of mRNAs: CCR5, CD2, CD96, CTLA4, CXCR6,FOXP3, ICOS, ITK, P2RY10, SIRPG, and TIGIT.

Example 12: Induction of Th-1 Chemokines and Cytokines FollowingAnti-ICOS Antibody Treatment

Fresh patient lung tumors were obtained 24 hours post-surgery. Softtissue was manually removed from the tumor, and the remaining solidtumor was embedded in 4% low melting agar in a cast container andallowed to solidify on ice. The gel-embedded tumor was cut by vibratome(Leica) (speed: 2, frequency: 9) to generate slices with a thickness of300 μm. If the tumor was too soft and unable to be sliced by vibratome,the tissue was manually cut with a blade.

Tumor slices were placed in a 40 μm transwell filter (Millipore) (˜1slice/well), and the unit was moved to the wells of a 6-well plate,which contained 1.5 mL of histoculture media (complete RPMI 1640/AIM-V).The appropriate treatment was then added into the medium of thecorresponding well. Treatments included 10 μg/mL anti-RSV hIgG1 (LakePharma, lot#3086-849598) as an isotype control, 10 μg/mL antibody37A10S713 with a human IgG1 (SEQ ID NOs: 188 and 189), or 10 μg/ml ofanti-PD-1 (IgG4) antibody. Replicate plates were prepared for varioustime points, ranging from 6-72 hours. The plates were placed in anincubator at 37° C., 5% CO₂.

At the desired time points, tumor slices were collected and immersed inRNALater (Ambion). RNA was extracted using a RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen,cat#74106) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Following RNAextraction, 1 μg of RNA was used for reverse transcription using aBio-Rad iScript cDNA Synthesis Kit (cat#170-8891). The RT product wasdiluted 1 to 7, and 3 μl was used for each qPCR reaction. The qPCR wascarried out by using TaqMan Gene Expression Master Mix from ThermoFisher Scientific (cat#4369016) using a Bio-Rad Real-Time System. TheTaqMan assays used are listed in Table 7.

Expression was normalized to CD45, with fold change calculated as:

${{fold}\mspace{14mu} {change}} = \frac{1\text{/}2^{({{{\exp.\mspace{14mu} {target}}\mspace{14mu} {Ct}} - {{\exp.\mspace{14mu} {CD}}\; 45\mspace{14mu} {Ct}}})}}{1\text{/}2^{({{{{Iso}.\mspace{14mu} {target}}\mspace{14mu} {Ct}} - {{{Iso}.\mspace{14mu} {CD}}\; 45\mspace{14mu} {Ct}}})}}$

TABLE 7 TaqMan chemokine and cytokine assays Target Assay ID Source CD8BHs00174762_m1 ThermoFisher Scientific CSF2 Hs00929873_m1 ThermoFisherScientific PRF1 Hs00169473_m1 ThermoFisher Scientific GZMA Hs00989184_m1ThermoFisher Scientific GZMB Hs00188051_m1 ThermoFisher Scientific IL2Hs00174114_m1 ThermoFisher Scientific CXCL9 Hs00171065_m1 ThermoFisherScientific CXCL10 Hs01124251_g1 ThermoFisher Scientific CXCL11Hs04187682_g1 ThermoFisher Scientific FOXP3 Hs01085834_m1 ThermoFisherScientific CTLA4 Hs00175480_m1 ThermoFisher Scientific CD45Hs04189704_m1 ThermoFisher Scientific CXCL13 Hs00757930_m1 ThermoFisherScientific

The results of that experiment are shown in FIG. 27. At the 6 hour timepoint with lung tumor 1, the anti-ICOS antibody resulted in increasedexpression of GZMa, GZMb, CSF2, IL2, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, and CXCL13.Anti-PD-1 antibody also increased expression of GZMa, GZMb, CSF2, CXCL9,and CXCL10, although to a lesser extent, and showed a similar increasein CXCL11. For lung tumor 2 at the 24 hour time point, anti-ICOSantibody treatment showed a sustained increase in CXCL11, and somecontinued elevation of IL2, CXCL9, and CXCL10. The anti-PD-1 antibodyshowed only a slight elevation in CXCL11 at 24 hours.

Example 13: Induction of NKp46 Ligand on Treg Cells Following AgonistAnti-ICOS Antibody Treatment

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy humandonors (Research Blood Components) using Ficoll (GE Life Sciences)centrifugation, frozen in BamBanker (Wako-Chem) and stored at −150° C.until use. PBMCs were incubated with soluble anti-ICOS antibody andplate bound anti-human CD3 (1 μg/ml coating, Biolegend, OKT3) at 37° C.in RPMI (Gibco) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich)and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Gibco). Three antibodies were tested inthe assay: the strong agonist antibody 37A10S713, a weak agonistantibody, and a weak antagonist antibody. After four days, PBMCs weregently scraped from plates and washed with DPBS (Gibco) containing 1%fetal bovine serum, 0.05% sodium azide (Ricco) and 2 mM EDTA (Ambion).Cells were then blocked with Human TruStain FcX (Biolegend). To detectNKp46 ligand, cells were incubated with 2 μg/mL NKp46-hIgG1 Fc (R&DSystems, 1850-NK). NKp46-hIgG1 Fc bound to cells was detected using a PEconjugated anti-human IgG (Biolegned, polyclonal). Cells were againblocked with Human TruStain FcX and then stained with anti-human CD56(Biolgend, Brilliant Violet 711, HCD56), anti-human CD16 (Biolegend,Brilliant Violet 785, 3G8), anti-human CD4 (Biolegend, Brilliant Violet510, OKT4), anti-human CD8 (BD Biosciences, BUV395, RPA-T8), anti-humanCD25 (Biolegend, Brilliant Violet 605, BC96), and fixable viability dye(eBioscience, eFluor 780). Following staining, cells were fixed andpermeabilized with Foxp3/Transcription Factor Staining Buffer Set(eBioscience). Following permeabilization, cells were stainedintracellularly with anti-human CD3 (BD Biosceinces, PE-CF594, UCHT1)and anti-human Foxp3 (eBioscience, APC, PCH101). Cells were then fixedin paraformaldehyde (Alfa Aesar). Data was acquired on a BD LSRIIFortessa and analyzed on FlowJo v10.1 software.

The results of that experiment are shown in FIG. 28 and FIG. 29.Treatment with the agonist anti-ICOS antibody 37A10S713 resulted instrong induction of NKp46 ligand on Treg cells from three differentdonors. See FIGS. 28A-F (FIGS. 28A-B show data from donor 1, FIGS. 28C-Dshow data from donor 2, and FIGS. 28E-F show data from donor 3).Induction of NKp46 ligand on Teff cells was not as strong as on Tregcells. See FIGS. 28A-F. In addition, treatment with agonist anti-ICOSantibody 37A10S713 leads to loss of CD16 (CD16 shedding) on NK cells,suggesting activation of the NK cells. See FIG. 29.

Without intending to be bound by any particular theory, it is postulatedthat the agonist anti-ICOS antibody 37A10S713 significantly increasesNKp46 ligand levels on Treg cells and also activates NK cells, leadingto selective Treg depletion.

Example 14: Intratumoral Expression of ICOS can Predict Response toAnti-ICOS Antibody

To test whether high ICOS⁺ tumor infiltrating T cells at baseline wouldrespond better to anti-ICOS antibody as a monotherapy, mouse syngeneictumor models were used to correlate the expression of mICOS usingimmunohistochemical (IHC) staining and with in vivo efficacy ofanti-ICOS antibody.

In vivo efficacy studies were performed in several mouse syngeneic tumormodels by treating tumor bearing animals with 2 doses of 37A10S713 withmG2a Fc at 0.25 mg/kg, dosed once a week. Mice were sacrificed whentumor volumes reached 2000 mm³ or if there were signs of clinicaldistress such as severe ulcerations as pursuant to IACUC protocol.

Tumor samples for IHC analysis. Tumor tissues were generated byinoculating cell lines in syngeneic animals (n≥4). Tumors were harvestedat an average volume of 150 (±50) mm³, fixed in 4% paraformaldehydefollowed by embedding into Optimal Cutting Temperature (OCT) medium.

Immunohistochemistry for mICOS. IHC analysis was performed on 8 μmsections. Anti-mICOS antibody was used to detect mICOS expression ontumor infiltrating T cells. Chromogenic detection was performed usingthe ImmPRESS™ HRP (Peroxidase) system (Vector Labs, Burlingame, Calif.)according to manufacturer's recommended protocol. ICOS staining wasscored by a trained pathologist using the 0-3+ scale, where 3+=>4%,2+=>2% but <4%, 1+=>0.5% but <2%, and 0=<0.5% mICOS positive cells.

The results are shown in the following table.

TABLE 8 In vivo efficacy results Single Agent Combination Efficacy TumorICOS IHC Score Efficacy (+anti-PD-1) Sa1/N 3+ ++++ Not Done B16-SIY 2++++ ++++ MC38 1+ + +++ CT26 1+ + ++++ EMT6 1+ + +/− LLC1 0  − + 4T1 2+ −− ++++: ≥70% animals responded to treatment with 37A10S713 with mG2a Fc

As shown in Table 8, single agent efficacy was observed in mouse modelswith high frequency of intratumoral mICOS⁺ T cells. Lack of response inthe 4T1 model was due to restricted localization of mICOS⁺ cells to thetumor periphery.

Example 15: Generation of Anti-ICOS Antibodies and Detection ofInducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator (ICOS) in Normal and Tumor Human TissueSamples Using Immunohistochemistry

Immunization and Initial Screen.

6 mice (3 BALB/c and 3 SJL) were immunized with peptides from thecytoplasmic domain of ICOS at the CRO Antibody Solutions. Sera from eachanimal was screened using a peptide ELISA, and a subset of the mice(BALB/c) were fused to create a hybridoma library. Supernatant from thehybridoma library and subsequent single clones were screened using apeptide ELISA assay. Positive antibody clones (mAbs) were furtherscreened using a cell based ELISA assay.

Cell-Based ELISA for Identification of IHC Antibodies.

Chinese Hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with ICOSoverexpressing plasmid (CHO-ICOS) or control plasmid (CHO-vector) wereused to screen positive clones from the peptide ELISA assay usingestablished protocols. Briefly, cells grown in 96 well plates were fixedand permeabilized using 10% formalin with 0.1% Triton X-100. Followingblocking, cells were incubated with primary antibody, followed byHRP-conjugated anti-mouse antibody. Detection was carried out usingchemiluminescence substrate. Commercial anti-ICOS antibody, SP98 (SpringBiosciences) was used as a positive control and mouse IgG1 was used as anegative control for the assay.

Sequencing of Antibody Sequences.

Total RNA was extracted from the three hybridoma clones. Antibodies werecloned and sequenced following RT-PCR amplification of the cDNAsequences using degenerate primers for variable heavy (V_(H)) andnon-degenerate primers for the variable light (VKL) chains.

Test and Control Articles.

Purified mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 2M13, 2M19, and 2M24 wereproduced from a clonal hybridoma cell line and tested for use indetection of ICOS-positive cells in human tissues. FFPE blocks of CHOcells pellets stably transfected with ICOS overexpressing plasmid(CHO-ICOS) or control plasmid (CHO-vector) were generated using standardprotocols. Briefly, cells were collected by scraping, fixed in 10%buffered formalin, and embedded in Histogel. After the Histogel pelletsolidified, it was processed as FFPE blocks using routine histologyembedding techniques. 5 μm sections were used for antibody staining.

Tissues Samples for IHC Analysis.

Formalin Fixed Paraffin Embedded (FFPE) blocks of normal human tonsil(positive control), Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and Head and NeckSquamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) tissues were purchased from commercialsources. 5 μm sections of FFPE tissues were used for validation ofantibody staining.

Immunohistochemistry for ICOS.

IHC analysis was performed on 5 μm FFPE sections. Antigen expression wasenhanced by heat treatment of sections using buffer ER2 (pH 10). IHC wasperformed using an indirect method using the DAB chromogen, employingstandard protocols on the Leica Bond Rx automated system (LeicaMicrosystems Inc., Chicago, Ill.).

ICOS staining was scored by a trained pathologist using the 0-3+ scaleas shown in Table 9.

TABLE 9 ICOS Scoring guidelines. Score % ICOS⁺ positivity 0 <1% ICOSpositive cells 1 >1% but <5% 2 >5% but <15% 3 >15%

Identification of ICOS-Specific IHC Antibodies.

Antibodies 2M13, 2M19, and 2M24 were identified by screening a hybridomalibrary generated by immunization of peptides mapping to theintracellular domain of human ICOS protein. Positive antibodies wereidentified by progressively screening the hybridoma clones using apeptide ELISA, Cell-based ELISA, and IHC on FFPE tissue sections.Representative data from the Cell-based ELISA is shown in FIG. 30.

Validation of mAbs in IHC Analysis of FFPE Tissues.

2M13, 2M19, and 2M24 were further tested on human tonsil tissuesections. As seen in FIG. 31, all 3 antibodies showed specific membraneor cytosolic staining in normal human tonsil tissue. This stainingpattern was consistent with known localization of T cells, whichpredominantly populate the lymphatic nodules surrounding the germinalcenters in normal tonsil, and are distributed at a lower frequencywithin the germinal centers and in the follicular regions of the tonsil.Very little to no background was observed in other cell types in thetissues. These data together confirm specificity of the 2M13 antibody.Furthermore, antibody 2M13 yielded the most intense staining compared toboth 2M19 and 2M24. Based on these data, 2M13 was used for furtherstudies.

Specificity.

As seen in FIGS. 31 and 32, anti-ICOS antibody (2M13) specificallydetected expression of ICOS on T cells in tonsil tissues, with minimalnon-specific background staining. To further confirm specificity,staining of ICOS expression was blocked using a peptide corresponding tothe antigen used to generate the antibody. As seen in FIG. 32, ICOSstaining of tonsil samples with the 2M13 antibody was completelycompeted off using molar excess of the ICOS (C-terminal) peptide (upperpanels). ICOS specific staining was retained when 2M13 was competedusing an adjacent (N-terminal) peptide further supporting specificity ofthe antibody for detection of ICOS. Importantly, background staining waslow in all experiments. Similar specificity was observed for 2M19antibody (data not shown).

Antibody specificity was further tested using FFPE processed CHO cellsstably expressing ICOS or empty vector. As seen in FIG. 33, 2M13 onlystained CHO cells expressing ICOS. No staining was observed on CHO cellsexpressing empty vector.

Assay Precision.

Pathology review of anti-ICOS (2M13) antibody reactivity showedconsistent staining intensities in both inter- and intra-assay runs.These results are readily observed in the photomicrographs of the tonsil(FIG. 34). Staining with the negative control was minimal in theseassays (data not shown).

Range.

Multiple NSCLS and HNSCC tumor samples were stained with the anti-ICOSantibody using the developed protocol. These samples showed a wide rangeof ICOS expression levels and membrane intensities. As shown in FIG. 35,this assay can detect a wide spectrum of physiologically relevantexpression levels.

Example 16: Determination of Microsatellite Instability (MSI) in Tumorsand Correlation with ICOS Levels

Mismatch repair deficiency is associated with a deficiency in the DNArepair pathways in certain fraction of human tumors. These mismatchrepair deficient, microsatellite instable (MSI) tumors accumulate 10-100fold more mutations in the tumors as compared to the microsatellitestable counterparts (Nature 513: 202-209 (2014)). An MSI high tumor maydisplay more non-self or neo-antigens to the surrounding tumormicroenvironment, and therefore be immunologically recognized asforeign. These non-self-antigens may attract cells of the immune systemsuch that they infiltrate the tumor. Thus as a consequence of a highernumber of mutations, MSI high tumors tend to have higher levels ofinfiltrate than those that are MSS (Jass et al., 1998, Gut 42: 673-679).Because ICOS is expressed on infiltrating immune cells, ICOS RNA levelsin MSI tumors were compared to ICOS RNA levels in MSS tumors.

The high-dimensional Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, which includesDNA mutational data, gene expression data, and gene amplification datafrom 10,000 human tumors representing 30 different cancers, was used forthe analysis. Raw sequence data was prepared and gene expression valuesutilizing the fragments per kilobase of exon per million fragmentsmapped (FPKM) were computed by OmicSoft Corporation utilizing theirproprietary data normalization and expression analysis pipeline. All theFPKM values were converted using a logarithmic function with a base 2and analyzed.

For this analysis, the data set was limited to those indications andtumors with known MSI status as measured by PCR according to manufacturespecifications using NCI guidelines for designation of MSI statussimilar to that shown in Table 10 (see Nature 287: 330-337 (2012);Nature 497: 67-73 (2013); Nature 513: 202-209 (2014)).

TABLE 10 Guidelines for evaluation of MSI in colorectal cancer via PCRanalysis Reference Panel Marker Repeating Unit GenBank accession no.BAT25 Mononucleotide 9834508 BAT26 Mononucleotide 9834505 D5S346Dinucleotide 181171 D2S123 Dinucleotide 187953 D17S250 Dinucleotide177030 Criteria for interpretation 5 loci analyzed >5 loci analyzedInterpretation >=2 >=30-40% MSI-H 1  <30-40% MSI-L 0 0 MSS or MSI-L

ICOS levels (log 2 FPKM) were obtained from 731 tumor samples from colonadenocarcinoma (COAD), stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) also known asgastric cancer, and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma (UCEC). TheICOS levels are plotted as box plots in FIG. 36, grouped first byindication and then by MSI status (MSI-high, MSI-low, and MSS). Boxesindicate the upper and lower quartiles of expression, with the medianline being shown by a dashed line. Outliers are plotted for any tumor inwhich ICOS was expressed at a level that is more than the interquartilerange outside of the upper or lower quartile. The distribution ofindividual tumors is shown by the histogram in darker grey displayedvertically across each individual box. Expression is shown as log2(FPKM). A Kruskal-Wallis test was applied across MSI/MSS status groupswithin each indication to obtain a p-value for significance ofdifferential expression of ICOS across MSI/MSS groups.

As shown in FIG. 36, ICOS levels are generally higher in the MSI-highgroups than in the MSI-low or MSS groups in all indications whencomparing the medians (dashed line) of each group. Kruskal-Wallisanalysis provides p-values of <0.001, suggesting the differentialexpression is significant.

These results indicate that MSI positive patients may benefit fromagonist anti-ICOS antibody therapy.

MSI can be assayed by PCR, for example, according to NCI guidelines, asdiscussed above (Boland et al., 1998, Cancer Res. 58: 5248-5257; seealso Table 10). IHC analysis can also be performed to detect MLH1, MSH2,MSH6, and/or PMS2, as the loss of expression of these genes maycontribute to the MSI phenotype (See, e.g., Umar et al., 2004, J. Natl.Cancer Inst. 96: 261-268; AMA and NCHPEG Colorectal Cancer Fact Sheets:11-0456:2/12:jt:Updated February 2012; Mayo clinic guidelines:mayomedicallaboratories.com/test-catalog/Clinical+and+Interpretive/35458).

Example 17: Stratification of Cancer Subtypes According to ICOSExpression

The level of ICOS expression in various tumor subtypes may be assessedusing the high-dimensional data set from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA).Raw sequence data is prepared and gene expression values utilizing thefragments per kilobase of exon per million fragments mapped (FPKM) arecomputed by OmicSoft Corporation utilizing their proprietary datanormalization and expression analysis pipeline. FPKM values areconverted using a logarithmic function with a base 2 and analyzed.

The ICOS expression in various human tumor subtypes is shown in Table11. As shown in that table, certain subtypes of tumors have higherexpression levels of ICOS than other subtypes of the same tumor. Forexample, terminal respiratory unit (TRU) and prox-inflammatory subtypesof lung adenocarcinoma have higher ICOS expression thanprox-proliferation subtype of lung adenocarcinoma. Similary, secretorylung squamous cell carcinoma (lung SCC) has higher ICOS expression thanprimordial, classical, or basal subtypes of lung SCC. Of the head andneck subtypes, only classical had low ICOS expression levels. Of thebreast invasive carcinoma subtypes tested, HER2+ and triple negative hadthe highest ICOS expression. Of the uterine corpus endometrial carcinomasubtypes tested, POLE mutation subtype has the highest ICOS expression.HPV+ cervical squamous cell carcinoma and endocervical adenocarcinomahad higher ICOS expression than HPV−. All of the stomach adenocarcinomasubtypes tested had high ICOS expression. Of the bladder urothelialcarcinoma subtypes tested, basal IV (mesenchymal) subtype had thehigheste ICOS expression. Of the pancreatic adenocarcinoma subtypestested, only immunogenic showed high ICOS expression levels. Of theliver hepatocellular carcinoma subtypes tested, S1 subtype had thehighest ICOS expression.

TABLE 11 Cancer subtype ICOS expression ICOS expression Log₂(FPKM) ≥1.06 Log₂(FPKM) = Log₂(FPKM) = Log₂(FPKM) ≤ Cancer type Subtype (ICOShigh) 0.21-1.06 (−1.01)-0.21 (−1.01) (ICOS low) Lung Terminalrespiratory unit 10.8%  20.1% 39.6% 29.5% adenocarcinoma (TRU) (LUAD)Prox-Proliferation 0.9%  8.9% 28.6% 61.6% Prox-Inflammatory 17.7%  30.0%37.7% 14.6% Lung squamous cell Primordial 1.8% 10.7% 26.8% 60.7%carcinoma (LUSC) Classical  0% 10.4% 24.4% 65.3% Secretory 26.0%  34.1%30.1% 9.8% Basal 3.1% 14.7% 34.1% 48.1% Head and Neck HPV+ 36.4%  22.7%22.7% 18.2% Squamous Cell HPV− 22.8%  19.2% 33.9% 24.1% Carcinoma(HNSCC) Basal 14.7%  25.3% 42.7% 17..3% Atypical 26.9%  17.3% 36.5%19.2% Classical  0%  4.5% 31.1% 64.4% Mesenchymal 45.9%  24.3% 21.6%8.1% Breast invasive Luminal A 5.1%  5.7% 15.5% 73.7% carcinoma (BRCA)Luminal B 7.2% 10.4% 24.0% 58.4% HER2+ 10.3%  13.8% 27.6% 48.3% TripleNegative (basal) 22.7%  18.2% 24.5% 34.5% Uterine Corpus POLE mutation8.9% 11.8% 24.6% 52.9% Endometrial MSI 3.1%  7.7% 24.6% 64.6% CarcinomaCN low  0%   0% 7.7% 92.3% (UCEC) CN high 3.1%  3.2% 17.5% 76.2%Cervical squamous HPV+ 8.9% 15.6% 35.8% 39.7% cell carcinoma and HPV−4.3%  8.7% 8.7% 78.3% endocervical adenocarcinoma (CESC) Stomach MSI-H13.3%  31.7% 36.7% 18.3% adenocarcinoma CN stable 9.1% 27.3% 32.7% 30.9%(Gastric, STAD) EBV+ 24.0%  36.0% 24.0% 16.0% CN Instable 6.5% 15.9%29.7% 47.8% Bladder Urothelial Luminal I (Papillary) 1.4%  3.5% 7.6%87.5% Carcinoma (BLCA) Luminal II 4.5%  9.0% 22.6% 63.9% Basal III(Squamous) 2.3% 16.3% 31.4% 50.0% Basal IV (Mesenchymal) 29.2%  37.5%20.8% 12.5% Pancreatic ADEX 0.0%  9.4% 24.5% 66.0% adenocarcinomaImmunogenic 14.3%  19.0% 38.1% 28.6% (PAAD) Progenitor 0.0%  0.0% 11.1%88.9% Squamous 0.0%  0.0% 28.2% 71.8% Liver hepatocellular S1 Subtype3.6% 17.3% 23.6% 55.5% carcinoma (LIHC) S2 0.0%  4.3% 12.0% 83.7% S30.6%  0.0% 6.4% 93.0%

The disclosure may be embodied in other specific forms without departingfrom the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The foregoingembodiments are therefore to be considered in all respects illustrativerather than limiting of the disclosure. Scope of the disclosure is thusindicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoingdescription, and all changes that come within the meaning and range ofequivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced herein.

Table of Sequences SEQ ID NO Description Sequence 1 Human ICOS precursorMKSGLWYFFL FCLRIKVLTG EINGSANYEM FIFHNGGVQI (with signal sequence);LCKYPDIVQQ FKMQLLKGGQ ILCDLTKTKG SGNTVSIKSL UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:KFCHSQLSNN SVSFFLYNLD HSHANYYFCN LSIFDPPPFK Q9Y6W8.1 07-JAN-2015VTLTGGYLHI YESQLCCQLK FWLPIGCAAF VVVCILGCILICWLTKKKYS SSVHDPNGEY MFMRAVNTAK KSRLTDVTL 2 Human mature ICOSEINGSANYEM FIFHNGGVQI LCKYPDIVQQ FKMQLLKGGQ (without signal sequence)ILCDLTKTKG SGNTVSIKSL KFCHSQLSNN SVSFFLYNLDHSHANYYFCN LSIFDPPPFK VTLTGGYLHI YESQLCCQLKFWLPIGCAAF VVVCILGCIL ICWLTKKKYS SSVHDPNGEY MFMRAVNTAK KSRLTDVTL 3Mouse ICOS precursor MKPYFCRVFV FCFLIRLLTG EINGSADHRM FSFHNGGVQI(with signal sequence); SCKYPETVQQ LKMRLFRERE VLCELTKTKG SGNAVSIKNPUniProtKB/Swiss-Prot: MLCLYHLSNN SVSFFLNNPD SSQGSYYFCS LSIFDPPPFQQ9WVS0.2; 07-JAN-2015 ERNLSGGYLH IYESQLCCQL KLWLPVGCAA FVVVLLFGCILIIWFSKKKY GSSVHDPNSE YMFMAAVNTN KKSRLAGVTS 4 Mouse mature ICOSEINGSADHRM FSFHNGGVQI SCKYPETVQQ LKMRLFRERE (without signal sequence)VLCELTKTKG SGNAVSIKNP MLCLYHLSNN SVSFFLNNPDSSQGSYYFCS LSIFDPPPFQ ERNLSGGYLH IYESQLCCQLKLWLPVGCAA FVVVLLFGCI LIIWFSKKKY GSSVHDPNSE YMFMAAVNTN KKSRLAGVTS 5Cynomolgus monkey ICOS MKSGLWYFFL FCLHMKVLTG EINGSANYEM FIFHNGGVQIprecursor (with signal LCKYPDIVQQ FKMQLLKGGQ ILCDLTKTKG SGNKVSIKSLsequence) KFCHSQLSNN SVSFFLYNLD RSHANYYFCN LSIFDPPPFKVTLTGGYLHI YESQLCCQLK FWLPIGCATF VVVCIFGCILICWLTKKKYS STVHDPNGEY MFMRAVNTAK KSRLTGTTP 6 CynomolgusmatureICOSEINGSANYEM FIFHNGGVQI LCKYPDIVQQ FKMQLLKGGQ (without signal sequence)ILCDLTKTKG SGNKVSIKSL KFCHSQLSNN SVSFFLYNLDRSHANYYFCN LSIFDPPPFK VTLTGGYLHI YESQLCCQLKFWLPIGCATF VVVCIFGCIL ICWLTKKKYS STVHDPNGEY MFMRAVNTAK KSRLTGTTP 107F12 heavy chain variableE V Q L V E S G G G L V K P G G S L T L S C A A regionS G F T F S D Y W M D W V R Q G P G K G L E W VG N I D E D G S T T Y Y A P F V K G R F T I S RD N A K K T L Y L Q M N S V K S E D T A T Y Y CT R W G R Y A F D S W G Q G T L V T V S S 11 7F12 light chain variableD I V M T Q S P S S L A V S P G D K V T I N C K regionS S Q S L L S G N Y N Y L A W Y Q Q K T G Q A PK L L I F Y A S T R H T G V P D R F M G S G S GT D F S L T I N S F Q T E D L G D Y Y C Q H H YS T P P T F G P G T K L E I K  12 7F12 VH CDR1 G F T F S D Y W M D 137F12 VH CDR2 N I D E D G S T T Y Y A P F V K G 14 7F12 VH CDR3W G R Y A F D S 15 7F12 VL CDR1 K S S Q S L L S G N Y N Y L A 167F12 VL CDR2 Y A S T R H T 17 7F12 VL CDR3 Q H H Y S T P P T 2037A10 heavy chain variableE V Q L V E S G G G L V K P G G S L K L S C A A regionS G F T F S D Y W M D W V R Q A P G K G L E W VG N I D E D G S I T E Y S P F V K G R F T I S RD N V K N T L Y L Q M N S V K S E D T A T Y Y CT R W G R F G F D S W G Q G T L V T V S S 21 37A10 light chain variableD I V M T Q S P S S L A V S A G D R V T I N C K regionS S Q S L L S G S F N Y L T W Y Q Q K T G Q A PK L L I F Y A S T R H T G V P D R F M G S G S GT D F T L T I N S F Q T E D L G D Y Y C H H H YN A P P T F G P G T K L E L R 22 37A10 VH CDR1 G F T F S D Y W M D 2337A10 VH CDR2 N I D E D G S I T E Y S P F V K G 24 37A10 VH CDR3W G R F G F D S 25 37A10 VL CDR1 K S S Q S L L S G S F N Y L T 2637A10 VL CDR2 Y A S T R H T 27 37A10 VL CDR3 H H H Y N A P P T 3035A9 heavy chain variableE V Q L V E S G G G L V K P G G S L K L S C A A  regionS G F T F S D Y W M D W V R Q A P G K G L E W VG N I D E D G S I A E Y S P F V K G R F T I S RD N V K N T L Y L Q M N S V K S E D T A T Y Y CS R W G R F A F D S W G Q G T L V T V S S 31 35A9 light chain variableD I V M T Q S P S S L A V S A G D R V T I N C K regionS S Q S L L S G S F N Y L T W Y Q Q K T G Q A PK L L I F Y A S T R H T G V P D R F M G S G S GT D F T L T I N S F Q T E D L G D Y Y C H H H YN A P P T F G P G T K L E L R 32 35A9 VH CDR1 G F T F S D Y W M D 3335A9 VH CDR2 N I D E D G S I A E Y S P F V K G 34 35A9 VH CDR3W G R F A F D S 35 35A9 VL CDR1 K S S Q S L L S G S F N Y L T 3635A9 VL CDR2 Y A S T R H T 37 35A9 VL CDR3 H H H Y N A P P T 4036E10 heavy chain variableE V Q L V E S G G G L V K P G G S L K L S C A A  regionS G F T F S D Y W M D W V R Q A P G K G L E W VG N I D E D G S I T E Y S P F V K G R F T I S RD N V K N I L Y L Q M N S V K S E D T A T Y Y CT R W G R F A F D S W G Q G T L V T V S S 41 36E10 light chain variableD I V M T Q S P S S L A V S P G D R V T I N C K regionS S Q S L L S G S F H Y L T W Y Q Q K T G Q A PK L L I F Y A S T R H T G V P D R F M G S G S GT D F T L T I N S F Q T E D L G D Y Y C H H H YN A P P T F G P G T K L E L R 42 36E10 VH CDR1 G F T F S D Y W M D 4336E10 VH CDR2 N I D E D G S I T E Y S P F V K G 44 36E10 VH CDR3W G R F A F D S 45 36E10 VL CDR1 K S S Q S L L S G S F H Y L T  4636E10 VL CDR2 Y A S T R H T 47 36E10 VL CDR3 H H H Y N A P P T 5016G10 heavy chain variableE V Q L V E S G G G L V K P G G S L K L S C A A regionS G F T F S D Y W M D W V R Q A P G K G L E W VG N I D H D G N I I N F A P S V K G R F T I S RD N A K N T L Y L Q M N S V K S E D T A T Y Y CA R W G H Y A F D S W G Q G T L V T V S S 51 16G10 light chain variableD I V M T Q S P S S L A V S A G D K V T I N C K regionS S Q S L L S S G Y N Y L I W Y Q Q K T G Q A PK L L I F Y A S T R H T G V P D R F I G S G S GT D F T L T I T S F Q T E D L G D Y Y C Q H H YS S P P T F G P G T K L E I K 52 16G10 VH CDR1 G F T F S D Y W M D 5316G10 VH CDR2 N I D H D G N I I N F A P S V K G 54 16G10 VH CDR3W G H Y A F D S 55 16G10 VL CDR1 K S S Q S L L S S G Y N Y L I 5616G10 VL CDR2 Y A S T R H T 57 16G10 VL CDR3 Q H H Y S S P P T 6037A10S713 heavy chain EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQAvariable region PGKGLVWVSN IDEDGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 61 37A10S713 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRHT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 62 37A10S713 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 6337A10S713 VH CDR2 NIDEDGSITEYSPFVKG 64 37A10S713 VH CDR3 WGRFGFDS 6537A10S713 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 66 37A10S713 VL CDR2 YASTRHT 6737A10S713 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 70 37A10S714 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDEDGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 71 37A10S714 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRET GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 72 37A10S714 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 7337A10S714 VH CDR2 NIDEDGSITEYSPFVKG 74 37A10S714 VH CDR3 WGRFGFDS 7537A10S714 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 76 37A10S714 VL CDR2 YASTRET 7737A10S714 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 80 37A10S715 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDEDGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 81 37A10S715 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRQT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 82 37A10S715 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 8337A10S715 VH CDR2 NIDEDGSITEYSPFVKG 84 37A10S715 VH CDR3 WGRFGFDS 8537A10S715 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 86 37A10S715 VL CDR2 YASTRQT 8737A10S715 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 90 37A10S716 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDESGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 91 37A10S716 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRHT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 92 37A10S716 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 9337A10S716 VH CDR2 NIDESGSITEYSPFVKG 94 37A10S716 VH CDR3 WGRFGFDS 9537A10S716 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 96 37A10S716 VL CDR2 YASTRHT 9737A10S716 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 100 37A10S717 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDESGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 101 37A10S717 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRET GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 102 37A10S717 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 10337A10S717 VH CDR2 NIDESGSITEYSPFVKG 104 37A10S717 VH CDR3 WGRFGFDS 10537A10S717 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 106 37A10S717 VL CDR2 YASTRET 10737A10S717 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 110 37A10S718 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDESGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 111 37A10S718 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRQT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 112 37A10S718 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 11337A10S718 VH CDR2 NIDESGSITEYSPFVKG 114 37A10S718 VH CDR3 WGRFGFDS 11537A10S718 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 116 37A10S718 VL CDR2 YASTRQT 11737A10S718 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 120 16G10S71 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDHDGNIINF APSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARWG HYAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 121 16G10S71 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SSGYNYLIWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRHT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCQHHYSSPP TFGPGTKVDI K 122 16G10S71 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 12316G10S71 VH CDR2 NIDHDGNIINFAPSVKG 124 16G10S71 VH CDR3 WGHYAFDS 12516G10S71 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSSGYNYLI 126 16G10S71 VL CDR2 YASTRHT 12716G10S71 VL CDR3 QHHYSSPPT 130 16G10S72 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDHDGNIINF APSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARWG HYAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 131 16G10S72 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SSGYNYLIWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRET GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCQHHYSSPP TFGPGTKVDI K 132 16G10S72 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 13316G10S72 VH CDR2 NIDHDGNIINFAPSVKG 134 16G10S72 VH CDR3 WGHYAFDS 13516G10S72 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSSGYNYLI 136 16G10S72 VL CDR2 YASTRET 13716G10S72 VL CDR3 QHHYSSPPT 140 16G10S73 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDHDGNIINF APSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCARWG HYAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 141 16G10S73 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SSGYNYLIWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRQT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCQHHYSSPP TFGPGTKVDI K 142 16G10S73 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 14316G10S73 VH CDR2 NIDHDGNIINFAPSVKG 144 16G10S73 VH CDR3 WGHYAFDS 14516G10S73 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSSGYNYLI 146 16G10S73 VL CDR2 YASTRQT 14716G10S73 VL CDR3 QHHYSSPPT 150 16G10S83 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLEWVSN IDHDGNIINF APSVKGRFTI SRDNAKNSLYLQMNSVRAED TAVYYCARWG HYAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 151 16G10S83 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSAGERVT INCKSSQSLL SSGYNYLIWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRQT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCQHHYSSPP TFGQGTKLEI K 152 16G10S83 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 15316G10S83 VH CDR2 NIDHDGNIINFAPSVKG 154 16G10S83 VH CDR3 WGHYAFDS 15516G10S83 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSSGYNYLI 156 16G10S83 VL CDR2 YASTRQT 15716G10S83 VL CDR3 QHHYSSPPT 160 35A9S79 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDEDGSIAEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCSRWG RFAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 161 35A9S79 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRQT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 162 35A9S79 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 16335A9S79 VH CDR2 NIDEDGSIAEYSPFVKG 164 35A9S79 VH CDR3 WGRFAFDS 16535A9S79 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 166 35A9S79 VL CDR2 YASTRQT 16735A9S79 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 170 35A9S710 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLVWVSN IDESGSIAEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCSRWG RFAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 171 35A9S710 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRHT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI K 172 35A9S710 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 17335A9S710 VH CDR2 NIDESGSIAEYSPFVKG 174 35A9S710 VH CDR3 WGRFAFDS 17535A9S710 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 176 35A9S710 VL CDR2 YASTRHT 17735A9S710 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 180 35A9S89 heavy chainEVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA variable regionPGKGLEWVSN IDEDGSIAEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNSKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCSRWG RFAFDSWGQG TLVTVSS 181 35A9S89 light chainDIVMTQSPDS LAVSAGERVT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWY variable regionQQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRQT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGQGTKLEI K 182 35A9S89 VH CDR1 GFTFSDYWMD 18335A9S89 VH CDR2 NIDEDGSIAEYSPFVKG 184 35A9S89 VH CDR3 WGRFAFDS 18535A9S89 VL CDR1 KSSQSLLSGSFNYLT 186 35A9S89 VL CDR2 YASTRQT 18735A9S89 VL CDR3 HHHYNAPPT 188 37A10S713 human IgG1EVQLVESGGG LVQPGGSLRL SCAASGFTFS DYWMDWVRQA heavy chainPGKGLVWVSN IDEDGSITEY SPFVKGRFTI SRDNAKNTLYLQMNSLRAED TAVYYCTRWG RFGFDSWGQG TLVTVSSASTKGPSVFPLAP SSKSTSGGTA ALGCLVKDYF PEPVTVSWNSGALTSGVHTF PAVLQSSGLY SLSSVVTVPS SSLGTQTYICNVNHKPSNTK VDKKVEPKSC DKTHTCPPCP APELLGGPSVFLFPPKPKDT LMISRTPEVT CVVVDVSHED PEVKFNWYVDGVEVHNAKTK PREEQYNSTY RVVSVLTVLH QDWLNGKEYKCKVSNKALPA PIEKTISKAK GQPREPQVYT LPPSREEMTKNQVSLTCLVK GFYPSDIAVE WESNGQPENN YKTTPPVLDSDGSFFLYSKL TVDKSRWQQG NVFSCSVMHE ALHNHYTQKS LSLSPGK 18937A10S713 human κ light DIVMTQSPDS LAVSLGERAT INCKSSQSLL SGSFNYLTWYchain QQKPGQPPKL LIFYASTRHT GVPDRFSGSG SGTDFTLTISSLQAEDVAVY YCHHHYNAPP TFGPGTKVDI KRTVAAPSVFIFPPSDEQLK SGTASVVCLL NNFYPREAKV QWKVDNALQSGNSQESVTEQ DSKDSTYSLS STLTLSKADY EKHKVYACEV THQGLSSPVT KSFNRGEC 190Rat ICOS precursor (with MKPYFSCVFV FCFLIKLLTG ELNDLANHRM FSFHDGGVQIsignal sequence); UniProt SCNYPETVQQ LKMQLFKDRE VLCDLTKTKG SGNTVSIKNPQ9R1T7 MSCPYQLSNN SVSFFLDNAD SSQGSYFLCS LSIFDPPPFQEKNLSGGYLL IYESQLCCQL KLWLPVGCAA FVAALLFGCIFIVWFAKKKY RSSVHDPNSE YMFMAAVNTN KKSRLAGMTS 191 Mature rat ICOS (withoutELNDLANHRM FSFHDGGVQI SCNYPETVQQ LKMQLFKDRE signal sequence)VLCDLTKTKG SGNTVSIKNP MSCPYQLSNN SVSFFLDNADSSQGSYFLCS LSIFDPPPFQ EKNLSGGYLL IYESQLCCQLKLWLPVGCAA FVAALLFGCI FIVWFAKKKY RSSVHDPNSE YMFMAAVNTN KKSRLAGMTS 1922M13 heavy chain variable EVQLQQSGAE LVRPGAVVKL SCKASGFDIK DYYMHWVQQRregion PEQGLEWIGW IDPENGNAVY DPQFQGKASI TADTSSNTAYLQLSSLTSED TAVYYCASDY YGSKGYLDVW GAGTTVTVSS 1932M13 light chain variable QIVLTQSPTI MSASPGEKVT ITCSASSSVS YMHWFQQKPGregion TSPKLWIYST SNLASGVPAR FGGSRSGTSY SLTISRMEAEDAATYYCQQR SSYPFTFGSG TKLEIK 194 2M13 VH CDR1 DYYMH 195 2M13 VH CDR2WIDPENGNAVYDPQFQG 196 2M13 VH CDR3 DYYGSKGYLDV 197 2M13 VL CDR1SASSSVSYMH 198 2M13 VL CDR2 STSNLAS 199 2M13 VL CDR3 QQRSSYPFT 2002M19 heavy chain variable EVQLQQSGAE LVRSGASVKL SCTTSAFNII DYYMHWVIQRregion PEQGLEWIAW IDPENGDPEY APKFQDKATM TTDTSSNTAYLQLSSLTSED TAVYYCTAWR GFAYWGQGTL VTVSA 201 2M19 light chain variableDVVMTQTPLS LPVSLGDQAS ISCRSSQSLV HSNGNTYLHW regionYLQKPGQSPK LLIYKVSNRF SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGV YFCSQSIHVP PTFGGGTKLE IK 202 2M19 VH CDR1 DYYMH 2032M19 VH CDR2 WIDPENGDPEYAPKFQD 204 2M19 VH CDR3 WRGFAY 205 2M19 VL CDR1RSSQSLVHSNGNTYLH 206 2M19 VL CDR2 KVSNRFS 207 2M19 VL CDR3 SQSIHVPPT 2082M24 heavy chain variable EVQLQQSGAE LVRSGASVKL SCTASGFNIR DYYMHWVRQRregion PEQGLEWIGW IDPENGDIDY APKFQDKATM TADTSSNTAYLQLSSLTSED SAVYYFTAWK GLAYWGQGTL VTVSA 209 2M24 light chain variableDVVMTQTPLS LPVSLGDQAS MSCRSSQSLV HSNGNTYLQW regionYLQKPGQSPK LLIYKVFNRF SGVPDRFSGS GSGTDFTLKISRVEAEDLGV YFCSQSTHVP PTFGGGTKLE IK 210 2M24 VH CDR1 DYYMH 2112M24 VH CDR2 WIDPENGDIDYAPKFQD 212 2M24 VH CDR3 WKGLAY 213 2M24 VL CDR1RSSQSLVHSNGNTYLQ 214 2M24 VL CDR2 KVFNRFS 215 2M24 VL CDR3 SQSTHVPPT

1. A method of determining the level of ICOS expression in a samplecomprising detecting the levels of at least two, at least three, atleast four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight,at least nine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6.2. A method of predicting whether a cancer will respond to anti-ICOSantibody therapy, comprising detecting the levels of at least two, atleast three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven,at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten mRNAs selected from themRNAs in Table 6 in a sample from a subject with cancer, wherein if thelevel of at least one, at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine,or at least ten of the mRNAs is above a threshold level, the cancer ispredicted to respond to anti-ICOS antibody therapy.
 3. (canceled)
 4. Amethod of identifying a subject with cancer who is likely to benefitfrom treatment with an anti-ICOS antibody, comprising detecting thelevels of at least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, atleast six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at leastten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 in a sample from thesubject, wherein if the level of at least one, at least two, at leastthree, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven, atleast eight, at least nine, or at least ten of the mRNAs is above athreshold level, the subject is identified as likely to benefit fromtreatment with an anti-ICOS antibody.
 5. (canceled)
 6. A method ofselecting a cancer therapy for a subject with cancer, comprisingdetecting the levels of at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine,or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 in a samplefrom the subject, and if the level of at least one, at least two, atleast three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven,at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten of the mRNAs is above athreshold level, selecting an anti-ICOS antibody for the therapy. 7.(canceled)
 8. A method of treating cancer in a subject, comprising a)detecting the levels of at least two, at least three, at least four, atleast five, at least six, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine,or at least ten mRNAs selected from the mRNAs in Table 6 in a samplefrom a subject; and b) if the level of at least one, at least two, atleast three, at least four, at least five, at least six, at least seven,at least eight, at least nine, or at least ten of the mRNAs is above athreshold level, then treating the subject with an effective amount ofanti-ICOS antibody.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the thresholdlevel is determined relative to a reference mRNA.
 10. The method ofclaim 9, wherein the reference mRNA is a housekeeping mRNA.
 11. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the method comprises detecting the levels ofat least two, at least three, at least four, at least five, at leastsix, at least seven, at least eight, at least nine, or at least tenmRNAs selected from CCR5, CD2, CD96, CTLA4, CXCR6, FOXP3, ICOS, ITK,P2RY10, SIRPG, and TIGIT.
 12. The method of claim 8, wherein thedetecting comprises at least one method selected from amplification andhybridization.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the method comprisesquantitative PCR or hybridization on an array.
 14. (canceled)
 15. Themethod of claim 8, wherein the sample is a cancer sample.
 16. The methodof claim 8, wherein the subject has a cancer is selected from melanoma,non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), gastriccancer, bladder cancer, endometrial cancer, diffuse large B-celllymphoma (DLBCL), Hodgkin's lymphoma, ovarian cancer, head & necksquamous cell cancer (HNSCC), and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC).17. (canceled)
 18. The method of claim 8, wherein the anti-ICOS antibodybinds to human ICOS, and wherein the antibody also binds to mouse ICOSand/or rat ICOS.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein the antibody bindsto human ICOS with an affinity (K_(D)) of less than 5 nM.
 20. (canceled)21. (canceled)
 22. (canceled)
 23. (canceled)
 24. The method of claim 8,wherein the anti-ICOS antibody comprises: i) (a) HCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12; (b) HCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 14; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 15; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 16; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17; or ii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:42; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 43; (c)HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 44; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 45; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 47; or iii) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 63; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 64; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 65; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 66; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 67; or iv) (a) HCDR1comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 22, 62, 72,82, 92, 102, and 112; (b) HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 23, 63, 73, 83, 93, 103, and 113; (c) HCDR3comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 24, 64, 74,84, 94, 104, and 114; (d) LCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 25, 65, 75, 85, 95, 105, and 115; (e) LCDR2comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 26, 66, 76,86, 96, 106, and 116; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 27, 67, 77, 87, 97, 107, and 117; or v) (a)HCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 32,162, 172, and 182; (b) HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs: 33, 163, 173, and 183; (c) HCDR3 comprising an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 34, 164, 174, and 184; (d) LCDR1comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 35, 165,175, and 185; (e) LCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequence selected fromSEQ ID NOs: 36, 166, 176, and 186; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an aminoacid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 37, 167, 177, and 187; or vi)(a) HCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:52, 122, 132, 142, and 152; (b) HCDR2 comprising an amino acid sequenceselected from SEQ ID NOs: 53, 123, 133, 143, and 153; (c) HCDR3comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 54, 124,134, 144, and 154; (d) LCDR1 comprising an amino acid sequence selectedfrom SEQ ID NOs: 55, 125, 135, 145, and 155; (e) LCDR2 comprising anamino acid sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs: 56, 126, 136, 146, and156; and (f) LCDR3 comprising an amino acid sequence selected from SEQID NOs: 57, 127, 137, 147, and 157; or vii)(a) HCDR1 comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 22; (b) HCDR2 comprising the aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23; (c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 24; (d) LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequenceof SEQ ID NO: 25; (e) LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 26; and (f) LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27; or viii) (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:32; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 33; (c)HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 34; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 35; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 36; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 37; or ix) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 52; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57; or x) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 72; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 73; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 74; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 75; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 76; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 77; or xi) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 82; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 83; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 84; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 85; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 86; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 87; or xii) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 92; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 93; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 94; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 95; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 96; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 97; or xiii) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 102; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 103; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 104; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 105; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 106; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 107; or xiv) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 112; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 113; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 114; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 115; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 116; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 117; or xv) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 122; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 123; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 124; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 125; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 126; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 127; or xvi) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 132; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 133; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 134; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 135; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 136; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 137; or (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 142; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 143; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 144; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 145; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 146; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147; or xvii) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 152; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 153; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 154; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 155; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 156; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 157; or xviii) (a)HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 162; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 163; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 164; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 165; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 166; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 167; or xix) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 172; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 173; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 174; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 175; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 176; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 177; or xx) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 182; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 183; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 184; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 185; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 186; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 187; or xxi) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 194; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 198; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 199; or xxii) (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 203; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 205; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 206; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 207; or xxiii) (a)HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 211; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 213; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 214; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 215. 25. The method ofclaim 24, wherein the anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable region (V_(H)) and a light chain variable region (V_(L)),wherein: i) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 10 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11;or ii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%,98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; oriii) the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%,99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 andthe V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; or iv)the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or v) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 and the V_(L)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51; or vi) the V_(H)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and the V_(L) isat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; or vii) the V_(H)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 and the V_(L) isat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71; or viii) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80 and the V_(L)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or ix) the V_(H)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90 and the V_(L) isat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91; or x) the V_(H)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100 and the V_(L) isat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101; or xi) the V_(H)is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110 and the V_(L) isat least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or 100%identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111; or xii) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121; or xiii)the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131; or xiv) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141; or xv) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151; or xvi) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161; or xvii)the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 170 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 171; or xviii)the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 180 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 181; or xix) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193; or xx) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 201; or xxi) theV_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 208 and theV_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 209. 26. Themethod of claim 25, wherein the anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavychain variable region (V_(H)) and a light chain variable region (V_(L)),wherein: i) the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10and the V_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11; or ii)the V_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20 and theV_(L) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 21; or iii) theV_(H) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 30 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31; or iv) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 40 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 41; or v) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 50 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 51; or vi) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61; or vii) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 70 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 71; or viii) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 80 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 81; or ix) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 90 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 91; or x) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 100 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 101; or xi) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 110 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 111; or xii) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 120 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 121; or xiii) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 130 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 131; or xiv) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 140 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 141; or xv) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 150 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 151; or xvi) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 160 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 161; or xvii) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 170 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 171; or xviii) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 180 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 181; or xix) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 192 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 193; or xx) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 200 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 201; or xxi) the V_(H)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 208 and the V_(L)comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 209. 27. (canceled) 28.(canceled)
 29. (canceled)
 30. The method of claim 8, wherein theanti-ICOS antibody is a monoclonal antibody.
 31. The method of claim 30,wherein the anti-ICOS antibody is a chimeric antibody or a humanizedantibody.
 32. (canceled)
 33. (canceled)
 34. The method of claim 8,wherein the anti-ICOS antibody comprises a heavy chain comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 188 and a light chain comprising theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 189. 35. The method of claim 8,wherein administration of the anti-ICOS antibody to a mammal results inan increase in T effector (Teff) cells in the mammal and/or activationof T effector (Teff) cells in the mammal.
 36. (canceled)
 37. The methodof claim 35, wherein the Teff cells are CD4+ FoxP3− T cells and/or CD8+T cells.
 38. (canceled)
 39. (canceled)
 40. The method of claim 8,wherein administration of the antibody to a mammal results in a decreasein T regulatory (Treg) cells in the mammal.
 41. The method of claim 40,wherein the Treg cells are CD4+ FoxP3+ T cells.
 42. The method of claim8, wherein the subject is a human.
 43. The method of claim 8, whereinthe method comprises administering an anti-ICOS antibody and at leastone additional therapeutic agent.
 44. The method of claim 43, whereinthe additional therapeutic agent is administered concurrently orsequentially with the anti-ICOS antibody.
 45. The method of claim 43,wherein the additional therapeutic agent is selected from an anti-PD-1antibody and an anti-PD-L1 antibody.
 46. The method of claim 43, whereinthe additional therapeutic agent is a cancer vaccine.
 47. The method ofclaim 46, wherein the cancer vaccine is selected from a DNA vaccine, anengineered virus vaccine, an engineered tumor cell vaccine, and a cancervaccine developed using neoantigens.
 48. (canceled)
 49. (canceled) 50.(canceled)
 51. (canceled)
 52. (canceled)
 53. (canceled)
 54. (canceled)55. The method of claim 8, wherein the anti-ICOS antibody increases thelevel of the ligand for NKp46 (NKp46-L) on T cells.
 56. (canceled) 57.The method of claim 55, wherein the antibody increases the level ofNKp46-L on Treg cells more than the antibody increases the level ofNKp46-L on Teff cells.
 58. The method or use of claim 55, wherein theantibody increases CD16 shedding on NK cells.
 59. A method of selectinga patient for treatment with a therapeutic agonist anti-ICOS antibody,comprising contacting T cells from the patient with a test agonistanti-ICOS antibody and determining whether NKp46 ligand (NKp46-L) isinduced on the T cells, wherein if NKp46-L is induced on the T cells,the patient is selected for treatment with the therapeutic anti-ICOSagonist antibody.
 60. A method of determining whether a patient willrespond to treatment with a therapeutic agonist anti-ICOS antibody,comprising contacting T cells from the patient with a test agonistanti-ICOS antibody and determining whether NKp46 ligand (NKp46− L) isinduced on the T cells, wherein if NKp46-L is induced on the T cells,the patient is selected for treatment with the therapeutic anti-ICOSagonist antibody.
 61. (canceled)
 62. The method of claim 59, wherein theT cells are Treg cells. 63.-69. (canceled)
 70. An isolated antibodycomprising: a. (a) HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 194; (b) HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 195;(c) HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 196; (d)LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 197; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 198; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 199; or b. (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 202; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 203; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 204; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 205; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 206; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 207; or c. (a) HCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 210; (b) HCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 211; (c) HCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 212; (d) LCDR1comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 213; (e) LCDR2comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 214; and (f) LCDR3comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 215. 71. The isolatedantibody of claim 70, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy chainvariable region (V_(H)) and a light chain variable region (V_(L)),wherein: a. the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 192 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 193; or b. the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 200 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 201; or c. the V_(H) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO: 208 and the V_(L) is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%,97%, 98%, 99%, or 100% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:
 209. 72. The isolated antibody of claim 70, wherein the antibodycomprises a heavy chain variable region (V_(H)) and a light chainvariable region (V_(L)), wherein: a. the V_(H) comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 192 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 193; or b. the V_(H) comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 200 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 201; or c. the V_(H) comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO: 208 and the V_(L) comprises the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:
 209. 73.-80. (canceled)
 81. A nucleic acidencoding the antibody of claim
 70. 82. A host cell comprising thenucleic acid of claim
 81. 83. A method of producing an antibodycomprising culturing the host cell of claim 82 under conditions whereinthe antibody is expressed.
 84. (canceled)